(Worth SGC) DOCUMENT 7: 1681 CENSUS OF GUALE AND MOCAMA INTRODUCTION The following document is notary Castilla's 1739 transcription of an original census compiled by the lieutenant of the provinces of Guale and Mocama in June of 1681. By order of then-governor Don Juan Marquez Cabrera, Captain Francisco de Fuentes composed a certification detailing the exact number of Indians in each aboriginal village within Guale and Mocama, including information on the relative locations of each village. This census represents one of the most detailed synthetic descriptions of the Guale/lMocama region which is currently known, and as such is an important source for understanding not only the locations of Indian villages within these provinces, but also the demographic profile of Guale and Mocama during the last years before the final Spanish retreat southward. The locational information is exceptional, particularly since Fuentes provided not only the distances between villages, but also specific notes such as whether or not specific villages were on the same island, and where. Perhaps even more important, the comprehensive census provided by Fuentes gives a relatively clear picture of the adult population of each village. Based on a detailed examination of the numbers and the wording of each listing, it seems likely that the census was compiled with specific reference to the needs of the repartimiento labor system of Spanish Florida. Four figures are listed for the Christian mission villages: the total number of males over the age of 12, the number of caciques and principals within that number, the number of those men who were married, and the remaining number of unmarried women over the age of 12. The first three figures surely relate to the labor draft, for the first figure presents the total male work force, and the second two figures modify the first figure with reference to two categories of males who were legally exempt from the labor draft: leaders and married men (Bushnell, 1981, 1989; Worth, 1992). The last figure represents the remaining unmarried females in each village. Inasmuch as the wording of the census is somewhat ambiguous, it is difficult to extrapolate the precise number of individuals being described in each count. Female leaders (cacicas), who were certainly present, were evidently not listed separately in this census, probably because as women they were not even considered for the labor draft. The number of male caciques and the number of married men do not always amount to the total of the first overall figure, and in one case (Tupiqui), the combined total exceeds the total number of men listed for the village. This suggests that the reckoning for the number of married males was independent of the number of caciques and principals, making it possible to simply subtract the number of married men from the total number of men to find the number of unmarried men (with perhaps some of each category being caciques and principals). Then it is a simple matter to calculate the number of married women, and add to this the fourth number of unmarried women given at the end of the listing in order to arrive at the total number of adult females. Despite these difficulties, however, one can arrive at an accurate count of the total male and female adult population of each Christian mission village, and within these figures the number of male leaders, and the number of married couples (see also the Barbosa census of 1683 mentioned in the Overview). For the pagan villages, however, only two figures are typically provided: the number of males and the number of females. The number of married couples is not specified, inasmuch as the Catholic church did not recognize marriages apart from the Christian ritual. The fact that the number of males is always larger than that of females (in many cases substantially so) is difficult to explain, although it is possible that Fuentes only counted the number of unmarried women. Nevertheless, it is also possible that these figures include each adult, whether male or female, in which case the pagan towns might be argued to possess a remarkably skewed demographic profile, with the larger number of males somehow reflecting their immigrant status and the state of war in this region. Table 4 presents the original figures as related by Captain Fuentes, but no totals are provided due to the degree of uncertainty noted above. Table 5 provides a hypothetical interpretation of those figures, with the calculated totals for each category (leaving out the number of male leaders). The implications of these results are explored in the Overview. The groupings of these villages by island are based on Fuentes's text, using both physical descriptions and distances in order to derive the locations of each village (also discussed in the Overview). TABLE 4 1681 Fuentes Census of Guale and Mocama (Caciques/ Single Principals Women All Men Married) Island of Sapala and Tupiqui Tupiqui Sapala Satuache Santa Catalina Yamazes Island of [Asajo] Asajo Colones Yamazes Guadalquini Island of [San Phelipe and Si San Phelipe Yamazes San Pedro Island of [Santa Maria] Santa Maria Island of [San Juan del Puel San Juan del Puerto 23 15 21 30 44 (6 (5 (3 (6 (3 17 (4 9 (- 50 (- 45 (13 28 (6 11 (_ 19) 10) 18) 21) 13) 28) 23) _ 6 988 23 9 8 23 14 20 99 [f. 1] Here is on record the villages which the provinces of Guale and Mocama had in this year of 1681. Don Francisco de Castilla, notary public of government and war in this city of St. Augustine, Florida. To the best ofmy ability, I certify and swear faithfulness and true testimony that in a certified copy of autos, which is found filed in the archive of the convent of San Francisco of this province of Santa Elena, authorized by Ensign Don Alonso Solana, who was public and governmental notary of this presidio, on the twenty-second of September of the past year of sixteen eighty-three, pursued between parties,(1) NOTE 1. An auto entre partes was a judicial action initiated by some sort of dispute between parties, and thus the document referred to here formed only part of a larger volume of documentation generated by the process. The fact that this particular case involved a dispute between the Franciscan provincial minister for Florida and the official protector of Indians, appointed by the governor, might make the details of this documentation quite interesting, particularly considering the fact that a detailed census and description of the entire mission provinces of Guale and Mocama was generated during the case. on the one [side] the Reverend Father Blas de Robles, provincial minister of the said province, and on the other [side] Captain Don Francisco de Zigarroa, protector of Indians(2) NOTE 2. The post of protector of the Indians was designed to provide legal defense for the Indians in the Spanish colonies, but although such a post was obligatory in theory, Florida had no official protector throughout much of the 17th century. The attempt to reestablish this post during the term of Governor Marquez Cabrera (Bushnell, 1981: 11 1-1 12) might have resulted in the autos cited here. in the court of Sergeant Major Don Juan Marquez Cabrera, who in that time was governor and captain general of this post and its provinces, is found presented a certification given by Captain Don Francisco de Fuentes, lieutenant of the governor and captain general for the provinces of Guale and Mocama, its date in the village of Tupiqui, of the said province of Guale, on the fourth of June, sixteen eighty-one, [f. 1, vto.] the tenor of which is to the letter the following: Certification(3) NOTE 3. Following this marginal note by Castilla is the beginning of Fuentes's 17th-century text. In the village of Sapala, of the province of Guale,(4) NOTE 4. Both of these names were written by Castilla (presumably copying directly from Fuentes's original manuscript) with slashes over the final vowel. The significance of this is unknown (although it might relate to the aboriginal pronunciation of these names). on the fourth of June, sixteen eighty-one, I, Captain Francisco de Fuentes, lieutenant ofthe governor and captain general in this said province of Guale and Mocama, by title and commission of the senior Governor and Captian General Don Juan Marquez Cabrera, say that in fulfillment of a command and order by His Grace, in which he orders me to send an enumeration [nomina] of the people and distances of the villages, and for its fulfillment, for that which I have done, I do so in the following manner: Tupiqui: In this village and island of Sapala and Tupiqui, frontier of the enemy English, Chichumecos, Ohiluques, Chalaques,(5) NOTE 5. This list of English-allied Indians demonstrates that the Chiluques (here mistranscribed by Castilla as Ohiluques) of Santa Elena were considered distinct from the Chalaques, or Cherokee (see Overview). and other nations, the said village of Tupiqui has in population twenty-three men, [f.2] six of them caciques and principals, nineteen married couples, and six women more. Sapala: The said village of Sapala has fifteen men, five of them caciques and principals, ten married couples, and nine women more. Satuache: The village of Santa Cathalina and Satuache, which are aggregated here due to the invasion which the enemy Chichumeco made the past year, the said village of Satuache has in population twenty-one men, three of them caciques and principals, eighteen married couples, and eight women more. Santa Catalina: The said village of Santa Catalina has thirty men, six caciques and principals, twenty-one married couples, and eight women more. Father Fray Simon Martinez de Sala serves as doctrinero of these four villages. Aggregation of Yamace Indians: On the point of this island, at two leagues of distance to the south, are aggregated [f.2, vto.] three pagan Yamaze caciques with forty-one men and twenty-three women. Asajo or Asao(6) NOTE 6. In this document, these two names were written by Castilla (and thus presumably Fuentes) with an accent over the final vowel in each instance, suggesting that the last syllable was stressed in pronouncing this name in the Guale language (instead of the middle syllable). Indeed, this might also explain the alternate spellings used by the Spanish for this Guale name, since the name Asao might tend to be pronounced with an aspiration before the final syllable, resulting in Asajo. From six to seven leagues of distance, [having] embarked in the direction of the south-southwest, is the village and Bar of Asajo. It has in population sixteen men, four of them caciques and principals, thirteen married couples, and nine women more. Father Fray Domingo Santos serves as doctrinero. Colones: In the village and midpoint [mediania] of the said village and island is the village of the pagan Colones, its population nine men and eight women, and aggregated to this nation and to Guadalquini fifty pagan Yamaze Indian men and twenty-three women. Guadalquini: On the southern point of this said island, at a distance of three leagues, is the village and Bar of Guadalquini, of the Mocama [f.3] nation. It has in population forty-five men, thirteen of them caciques, twenty-eight married couples, and fourteen women more. Father Fray Francisco Garcia is doctrinero of the said village. San Phelipe: At at distance of eight leagues to the south is the village of San Phelipe, in population twentyeight men, six of them caciques, twenty-three married couples, and twenty women more. The Reverend Father Fray Juan Baptista Campana is doctrinero of the said village. At two leagues of distance on the said island of San Phelipe are aggregated eleven pagan Yamazes. San Pedro: At a distance of three to four leagues to the south is the Bar and village of San Pedro, of pagan Llamazes,(7) NOTE 7. This alternate spelling for Yamassee was used by Fuentes here and in the following entry. up to thirty-six men and seventeen women. Santa Maria: At a distance of four leagues to the southwest is the village and Bar of Santa Maria, of pagan Llamazes, the population seventy-two [f.3, vto.] men and twenty-nine women. San Juan del Puerto: From six to seven leagues to the south is the village and bar of San Juan del Puerto, of the Mocama nation. It has in population seventeen men, fourteen of them married, and six women more. Father Fray Francisco de la Cruz is doctrinero of the said village. All the referred Indians are those of twelve years and older(8) NOTE 8. Here Fuentes states that the census includes only those individuals of the age of 12 or more. No younger children were included in the reckoning. who are in the said eight villages of Christians, and five religious in them, and the said four villages of pagans, where enter the large part of elderly invalids,(9) NOTE 9. This passage is somewhat vague, but probably refers to the large number of elderly invalids who live in the pagan villages, perhaps explaining the substantial number of males in these towns. without leaving out one, and through being true at the present, in the village of Tupiqui, on the fourth of June, sixteen eighty-one, Francisco de Fuentes.(10) NOTE 10. Here ends the transcription of the certification by Captain Fuentes. Following this is notary Castilla's standard certification and signature. Agrees with the certification previously inserted [f.4] which remains in the referred autos, to which I refer. And in virtue of a verbal order by the senor Colonel Don Manuel de Montiano, governor and captain general of this city and its provinces, I give the present in Florida on the first of July, seventeen thirty-nine. Stained(11) NOTE 11. In addition to the standard form ofnotation for corrections added between lines by the notary (discussed previously), here Castilla made note of the fact that in his transcription, the name Tupiqui was slightly blurred by ink staining, and thus he placed a clear copy of the nearly illegible name here at the end of the transcription. -Tupiqui-between lines-a-the-all valid. In true testimony, Francisco de Castilla Governmental Notary TABLE 5 Adult Population of Guale and Mocama, 1681 Male Female Married Single Married Single Total Sapelo Island Tupiqui 19 4 19 6 48 Sapala 10 5 10 9 34 Satuache 18 3 18 8 47 Santa Catalina 21 7 21 8 57 Yamazes - 44 - 23 67 St. Simons Island Asajo 13 4 13 9 39 Colones - 9 - 8 17 Yamazes - 50 - 23 73 Guadalquini 28 17 28 14 87 Cumberland Island San Phelipe 23 5 23 20 71 Yamazes - - ? 11 San Pedro - 36 - 17 53 Amelia Island Santa Maria - 72 - 29 101 Fort George Island San Juan del Puerto 14 3 14 6 37