The Pueblo Indians of New Mexico supported a total of 35 encomenderos, charged to protect them from Apaches and other enemies from the "nomadic north." New Mexican encomenderos, like those in the Philippines, were shorn of any hint of lordship and had no part in indoctrination. Yet, again, this strengthening of the private sector weakened royal authority in the colony. Showdowns between the governors and the Franciscans were frequent and virulent, and Pueblo rebellions were unusually effective. The defensive encomienda proved useless during the Great Northern Revolt of the 1680s and 1690s, and the encomenderos fell from grace and were replaced by a formal presidio. At the same time, the Crown discontinued the government-subsidized supply service to the missions, and although the friars continued to receive their stipends, their share in the total payroll declined. The familiar 18th-century mission of northern New Spain, in which roving Indians settled down to learn the arts of agriculture and cattle raising and be protected from their enemies, was really a mission-presidio. (Bushnell SS)