Retreat, 1659-1706: Beginning with the arrival of the first English-sponsored Indian slave-raiders in 1659, the last decades of the 17th century were marked by increasingly bold assaults from Erie Westo/Chichimeco), Yamasee, and Creek Indian attackers, forcing the establishment of formal Spanish garrisons in most provinces, as well as the step-by-step contraction and retreat of mission populations toward accessible waterways and roads. By 1706, the last few hundred surviving inhabitants of the missions had either been withdrawn to St. Augustine, or had fled west to the margins of French territory on the northern Gulf, where the newly-established Pensacola presidio of Santa María de Galve (est. 1698) weathered increasing aggression from these same raiders.