Philip II had come to the throne determined to give no quarter to the French corsairs who with the connivance of French authorities infested the seaways and interfered with Spain's monopoly of commerce. He took the same stance toward the English, whose queen was unwilling to wage open war on Spain yet ready enough to share the spoils of interlopers into Spanish waters. The rebellion of the Netherlands in 1567, which Elizabeth I abetted, and the advances of Protestantism in England and France added fuel to the fire. The medieval Iberian tradition of religious "convivencia"-mutual tolerance among Christians, Jews, and Moslems-on which Ferdinand and Isabella had turned their backs in the 15th century would not be revived for the sake of heretics. Philip II went to war with England in 1585 and with France in 1589 and remained at war with both countries as long as he lived. (Bushnell SS)