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Harrisons cataloged the plants of Guana
Source: Vascular Flora of Guana Tolomato Matanzas National Estuarine Research Reserve: Guana River #714
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Vascular FI ora of Guana Tolomato Matanzas National Estuarine Research Reserve: GTM Guana River Linda E Harrison & Jerry S. Harrison Pigmypipes Monotropsis odorata Plants o f G uana Linda L.- & Jerry [J arrison Vascular Flora of Guana Tolomato Matanzas National Estuarine Research Reserve: GTM Guana River Contents Acknowledgments; Second Author’s Note; P reface iv. Abstract; Brie f B ackground, Geology & History v GTM Guana River Study Site Natural Communities Map 1 Trails of GTM Guana River Map 2 Brief Description of Plant Communities Beach Dune 3 Coastal Strand 4 Maritime Hammock 5 Shell Mound 7 Estuarine Tidal Marsh 9 Mesic Flatwoods 11 Sand Pine Scrub 12 Oak Scrub 13 Depression Ma rsh 14 Ruderal 18 Annotated List of Vascular T axa 20 Major Resources 34 Plates follow page 34 The authors wish to thank the very helpful staff of the University of Florida Herbarium, in particular Dr. Norris Williams and, especially, Mr. Kent Perkins and Ms. Trudy Lindler. Kent and Trudy have been involved with our project since its beginnings in 1990 and personally attended our every request. Kent encouraged us (repeatedly!) to write up this project. He graciously provided us with his label program and often helped with identification of species. To him we are most grateful. Thanks also go out to Dr. Walter Judd who was of great assistance on difficult species and often availed himself to our need for on-the-spot identifications. Both Kent and Walter graciously agreed to review our work, and their suggestions and comments were most sincerely appreciated. We are also grateful to both Mr. Randy Altman (Computer Support Specialist) and Mr. Matt Love (Biological Scientist II) for generating the Natural Communities and Trails of GTM Guana River maps. SECOND AUTHOR'S NOTE This project, which now spans nearly 2 decades, was the concept of Environmental Specialist I (then, Park Ranger) Linda Harrison, who collected the very first plant, American Holly, in 1990. The impressive list of species (507) is due in large measure to her sharp eyes. Linda doesn't miss much. She rediscovered "Pigmypipes," a tiny elf of a plant so rare that it hadn't been seen in this county since it was discovered in 1883! Also, Linda found what should have been a new species, a spiral orchid, now called "Woodland Ladies'-tresses" (Spiranthes sylvatica P. M. Brown). I had assumed the plant wasn't new, so it keyed quite nicely to Spiranthes praecox. I ignored the fact that the flowers were a dull green—not white—as they should have been! Plus, the plants were growing in shady, dry woods, quite unusual for any species of this genus. The precedent has been set. Any errors in identification fall squarely on my shoulders. All photographs are by the two authors. PREFACE This manuscript represents nearly two decades of effort by Linda and Jerry Harrison. Throughout its pages are documented over 500 plant species, including a few that are heading toward extinction. It represents the most complete documentation of plant species ever compiled for the Guana River portion of the Guana Tolomato Matanzas National Estuarine Research Reserve. This meticulously collected inventory provides important insights into the resilience of these natural resources as the surrounding habitat was transformed from Native American villages, to Spanish missions, English plantations, private hunting camps, state park and finally to Research Reserve. The information and photographs contained in these pages and the accompanying herbarium specimens are an invaluable resource for present and future students, resource managers and scientists trying to track changes in the Reserve's plant communities and to identify potentially damaging invasive species. In addition, this detailed catalogue of plant life will serve as an important tool to guide future habitat restoration and other management efforts. Much of the time and effort dedicated to this project was voluntary. This body of work will forever serve as a tribute to the dedication of these two individuals to conserve natural resources. As the current manager of the Reserve, I am especially grateful to Linda and Jerry for providing us with this critical resource that will assist in the making of management decisions far into the future. Michael A. Shirley, Ph.D. Director GTM NERR Vascular Flora of Guana Tolomato Matanzas National Estuarine Research Reserve: GTM Guana River St. Johns County, Florida Linda E. Harrison and Jerry S. Harrison GTM Research Reserve 505 Guana River Road Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida 32082 ABSTRACT An inventory of the vascular flora has been conducted by the two authors at the portion of the Guana Tolomato Matanzas National Estuarine Research Reserve (GTM Research Reserve ) property formerly known as Guana River State Park (hereafter, GTM Guana River). The GTM Guana River study site encompasses 2,488.98 acres and is managed by GTM Research Reserve under the Office of Coastal & Aquatic Managed Areas (CAMA) of the Department of Environmental Protection (DEP). Collections of 507 vascular plant species were made between August 10, 1990, and November 29, 2009. Using traditional voucher collection and herbarium techniques, all major natural communities (FNAI classification scheme) were extensively sampled, including Beach Dune, Coastal Strand, Maritime Hammock, Shell Mound, Estuarine Tidal Marsh, Mesic (Pond Pine) Flatwoods, Oak Scrub, Sand Pine Scrub, Depression Marsh and Ruderal. A complete set of the voucher specimens is housed in classroom 2 at the Environmental Education Center (EEC) at GTM Guana River. An additional partial set has been placed at the University of Florida Herbarium (FLAS). It is our sincere hope that this list of taxa, the accompanying colored plates and herbarium specimens will serve as important resource tools for scientists and visitors interested in the ecology and plant associations of coastal northeast Florida. It is also hoped that future collections will be made from other properties managed by the GTM Research Reserve. BRIEF BACKGROUND, GEOLOGY & HISTORY GTM Guana River is located in St. Johns County about midway between Jacksonville Beach and St. Augustine, accessed by State Road A1A. Prior to December 15, 2003, CAMA's GTM Guana River was known as Guana River State Park and had been managed by the Division of Recreation & Parks of DEP. Acquisition of the property began in 1984 under the Conservation and Recreational Lands (CARL) and Save Our Coasts (SOC) programs. Geologically, much of the study site ground surface is covered with sand, clay and shell fragment sediments (Holocene epoch, <10,000 ya). Beneath these, Hawthorn group clays and dolomite (Miocene epoch, 245.3 mya), ranging in depth from 130 to 300 feet, act as a confining layer for the Floridan aquifer (Florida Geological Survey Lithologic Database). No commercially valuable minerals have been found in the study site. Historically, the property has been occupied intermittently, beginning approximately 7,000 ya by Native Americans. An important earthen burial site, called Sanchez Mound, may be found along the Purple Trail. It is also suspected that in the 1620s a Spanish mission, known as La Natividad de Nuestra Senora de Tolomato, was located somewhere on the peninsula. Its exact location has not been established. From 1768 through the 1780s, plantation workers lived and farmed on the peninsula, growing indigo, rice and other crops (Schafer, Governor James Grant's Villa: A British East Florida Indigo Plantation, 2001). Most of the evidence of the plantation, known as Grant's Villa, has long since successed into Maritime Hammock. An occasional sour orange tree or indigo plant may be found as evidence of this era. During the late 1790s through the mid-1800s, a homestead at Shell Bluff, called Ostional Blanco, was established. A coquina well remains intact at this site. From the 1930s through the 1970s, pine harvesting was widespread on the peninsula ("Guana River WMA History": MyFWC.com). GTM Guana River Study Site Natural Communities Classification Scheme: Florida Natural Areas Inventory OAK SCRUB SHELL MOUND UNCONSOLIDATED SUBSTRATE XERIC HAMMOCK JRA 4-30-2009 BEACH DUNE MARITIME HAMMOCK COASTAL STRAND MESIC FLATWOODS 2 DEPRESSION MARSH OPEN WATER I TIDAL MARSH RUDERAL Data Source: GTMNERR and Florida Park Service Modified Park Service Data 2007 File: GTM_NatCom_2007.shp VWdlife Management Area Big Savannah Pond 3fTT Wildlife Management Area A Environmental Education Center Trails of GTM Guana River Color Trails Miles Facilities Yellow Red Purple Blue Shell Bluff Road South Point Loop Timucuan Trail Marshview Lane a Kiosk Pavilion Orange Guana Loop Gray To Guana River WMA Restroom □ Table Bench A Swale B Bert's Pond C Comet Pond D Shell Bluff E South Point F Guana Dam Beach Dune [124 acres] is an extremely harsh environment of wind-deposited foredune and wave-deposited upper beach vegetated with plants adapted to the shifting sands and saline conditions. GTM Guana River preserves 4.6 miles of Beach Dune, which are easily accessed by 4 beach parking lots on the west side of State Road A1A. At our beaches a grassy interdune meadow follows the foredune and transitions into a large, relatively intact primary dune, commonly attaining heights of over 30 feet above sea level. Moving inland from the extreme high tide mark, the first plants encountered are Ipomoea imperati, Sporobolus virginicus and Uniola paniculata. Other associates are Cakile endentula subsp. harperi, Spartina patens and Atriplex pentandra. Also, Sesuvium portulacastrum and the exotics Salsola kali subsp. pontica and Vitex trifolia are present in low numbers. Just beyond the foredune and in the interdune meadow, Spartina patens, Iva imbricata, Croton punctatus, Chamaesyce bombensis, Phyllanthus abnormis, Ipomoea pes-caprae subsp. brasiliensis, Hydrocotyle bonariensis, Opuntia stricta, Opuntia pusilla, Crotolaria rotundifolia, Commelina erecta, Oenothera humifusa, Centrosema virginianum, Strophostyles helvola, Chamaecrista fasciculata, Solidago sempervirens, Gaillardia pulchella, Cnidoscolus stimulosus, Cirsium horridulum, Panicum amarum, Ipomopsis rubra, Helianthus debilis subsp. debilis, Cenchrus spinifex and Cenchrus tribuloides (seldom) are evident. On the high primary dune, Smilax auriculata, Ilex vomitoria, Sideroxylon tenax, Sabal palmetto, Serenoa repens, Yucca aloifolia, Phyllanthus abnormis, Monarda punctata and Cnidoscolus stimulosus occur, along with widespread Spartina patens. Beyond this, Beach Dune transitions into Coastal Strand. Beach Dune at Middle Beach Use Area [Note Anastasia Island Beach Mouse population survey station] Coastal Strand [483 acres] is a wind-deposited, stabilized coastal dune system vegetated with a tangle of woody vines & salt-pruned shrubs and trees. Coastal Strand is the ecotonal community separating Beach Dune from Maritime Hammock. Predominant woody species include Serenoa repens, Quercus geminata, Q. myrtifolia, Q. chapmanii, Ilex vomitoria, Persea borbonia var. boronia, Osmanthus americanus, Prunus caroliniana, Magnolia grandiflora, Zanthoxylum clava-herculis, Sideroxylon tenax, Baccharis halimifolia, Sabal palmetto, Licania michauxii, Yucca aloifolia, Pinus elliottii and suffruticose Erythrina herbacea, with Lyonia ferruginea, Rhus copallinum, Hypericum hypericoides and occasional Ceratiola ericoides, Pinus clausa and scrubby Juniperus virginiana on the higher, open ridges. The woody vines Vitis aestivalis, Vitis rotundifolia and Smilax auriculata are common and often grow intertwined with each other. The herbs encountered in this community are Cnidoscolus stimulosus, Solidago sempervirens, Opuntia stricta, Opuntia pusilla, Asclepias tomentosa and Mikania cordifolia, with Monarda punctata, Gaillardia pulchella, Heterotheca subaxillaris, Bidens alba, Solidago odora var. chapmanii, Chamaecrista fasciculata, Centrosema virginianum, Galactia volubilis, Oenothera laciniata, Rhynchosia minima, Helianthemum corymbosum, Phyllanthus abnormis and Lechea mucronata found where this community crosses State Road A1A. On open sandy ground one finds the grasses Andropogon virginicus var. virginicus and Triplasis purpurea and the sedges Rhychospora megalocarpa, Scleria triglomerata and Bulbostylis ciliatifolia. Following prescribed fire, Polygala incarnata, often associated with moist ground, occurs here with Galactia elliottii, Galactia volubilis, Cenchrus spinifex, Cyperus croceus, Physalis walteri, Solanum chenopodioides and Phytolacca americana. Coastal Strand as seen from State Road A1A (six months after prescribed fire) Maritime Hammock [1,038 acres, including Xeric Hammock; Note: In-the-field distinctions between Xeric Hammock and Maritime Hammock are foggy at best, which led us to treat both communities as one.] Maritime Hammock is a mostly shady, closed-canopy forest with gently undulating (ancient dune) terrain lying just inland of the Coastal Strand community. Predominant arborescent species found in the xeric areas include Quercus laurifolia, Q. geminata, Q. virginiana, Juniperus virginiana, Persea borbonia var. borbonia, Magnolia grandiflora, Ilex opaca var. opaca, Sabal palmetto, Carya glabra (often with the parasite Phoradendron leucarpum) and Pinus elliottii. Shrubs and small trees characteristic of this association include Serenoa repens, Ilex vomitoria, Ilex ambigua var. ambigua, Sideroxylon tenax, Osmanthus americanus, Zanthoxylum clava-herculis, Prunus umbellata, Prunus serotina var. serotina, Vaccinium arboreum, Amorpha fruticosa and Erythrina herbacea. In the mesic portions, the arborescent species Sabal palmetto, Prunus caroliniana, Quercus nigra, Pinus taeda, Acer rubrum, Liquidambar styraciflua, Celtis laevigata and Morus rubra are encountered. The common shrubs here include Myrica cerifera, Serenoa repens, Aralia spinosa, Rhus copallinum, Vaccinium corymbosum, Vaccinium stamineum, Diospyros virginiana, Asimina parviflora, Ilex vomitoria and Ilex glabra. Woody vines encountered in the xeric portions are Bignonia capreolata, Smilax auriculata, S. bona-nox, S. tamnoides, S. pumila and Vitis rotundifolia, while Smilax glauca, Campsis radicans, Toxicodendron radicans, Gelsemium sempervirens, Vitis aestivalis and Parthenocissus quinquefolia are perhaps more often encountered in the mesic areas. The common epiphytes throughout are Tillandsia usneoides, Tillandsia recurvata, Epidendrum conopseum and Pleopeltis polypodioides var. michauxiana, but Tillandsia bartramii is occasionally seen as well. The herb layer varies with moisture conditions, too. Poaceous species include Stenotaphrum secundatum, Paspalum setaceum, Dichanthelium portoricense, Arundinaria gigantea, Chasmanthium laxum var. laxum, Chasmanthium laxum var. sessiliflorum, Oplismenus hirtellus and Panicum anceps in the mesic areas. Dichanthelium commutatum, Piptochaetium avenaceum, Sorghastrum elliottii and Tridens flavus var. flavus are abundant in the xeric portions. The cyperaceous Carex dasycarpa, Cyperus tetragonus, Scleria triglomerata and Rhynchospora megalocarpa are common in the drier areas, while Carex nigromarginata var. floridana and Rhynchospora caduca occur in the mesic portions of the hammock. Asteraceous species present throughout are Ageratina jucunda, Elephantopus elatus and Solidago odora var. chapmanii, but Vernonia gigantea, Lactuca floridana, Bidens alba and Hieracium gronovii are also found. Additionally, the forbs Ruellia caroliniensis, Salvia lyrata, Houstonia procumbens, Galium hispidulum, Trichostema dichotomum, Viola palmata, Monotropa uniflora, Cnidoscolus stimulosus and Corallorhiza wisteriana are present in ample numbers. Polygala polygama and the recently described Spiranthes sylvatica have been found here as well. Common herbaceous vines are Galactia volubilis and Melothria pendula. The climbing parasite Cuscuta exaltata was discovered 15 feet high in Persea borbonia var. borbonia! [Note: Red Bay is being devastated by Laurel Wilt Disease, which attacks members of the Lauraceae. The Asian Red Bay Ambrosia Beetle and an exotic fungus the beetle carries are the co-conspirators. The epidemic is believed to have originated near Savannah, Georgia, in 2002, and was first reported in St. Johns County in 2006 (Florida Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services, Leaflet 13, April 2008). The extent of the destruction at GTM Guana River has been sudden, widespread and alarming.] Maritime Hammock as seen from a section of the Purple Trail where Carya glabra dominates Shell Mound [76 acres] is a "man-altered" community with a thick substrate of oyster shell and other shell fragments in an otherwise sandy soil community. The culprits of this altering were the Timucuan Indians, who resided here for several thousand years. The shell fragments, discards from their daily activities, created a more alkaline soil, thus allowing for an altogether different suite of plants. Two major areas of Shell Mound occur in the study site. The first begins near Sanchez Mound, continues southward, hugging closely to the western edge of the peninsula, and ends at a jut of land ("south point") overlooking where Guana River empties into the Tolomato. The second, smaller midden is found at the end of the Yellow Trail at a site known as Shell Bluff. All along the stretch beginning at Sanchez Mound, extensive stands of Juniperus virginiana, with Quercus geminata, Quercus laurifolia, Sabal palmetto, and understory shrubs Serenoa repens, Amorpha fruticosa, Osmanthus americanus, Erythrina herbacea, Sideroxylon tenax, Persea borbonia var. borbonia and Forestiera segregata are evident. Epiphytes here are Tillandsia bartramii (seldom), Tillandsia recurvata and Tillandsia usneoides. Pleopeltis polypodioides var. michauxiana is virtually absent. At the narrow, southern tip of the peninsula, plants collected were Ptelea trifoliata, Sapindus saponaria and Sageretia minutiflora (seldom), which is surprisingly rare here. Herbs seen are Ageratina jucunda, stunted versions of Smallanthus uvedalia and Verbesina virginica, as well as Cnidoscolus stimulosus and Passiflora pallida (seldom). Grasses encountered are Sorghastrum elliottii, Tridens flavus var. flavus, and Dichanthelium commutatum. Few members of the cyperaceae are represented, but occasionally Scleria triglomerata and Rhynchospora megalocarpa are found. Two exotics of note are Citrus Xaurantium and Ligustrum japonicum, the latter quite common and spreading. At Shell Bluff Juniperus virginiana and Sabal palmetto dominate, with Quercus geminata, Forestiera segregata and scattered clumps of Serenoa repens. The cedars and oaks are decorated with Tillandsia recurvata, but Tillandsia usneoides and Tillandsia bartramii (seldom) occur. Forbs at this location are Salvia coccinea, Ruellia caroliniensis, Ageratina jucunda, Cnidoscolus stimulosus, Sanicula canadensis and the exotic Indigofera suffruticosa, the direct descendent of the indigo species grown by Governor James Grant on his plantation (see Brief Background, Geology & History). The predominant grasses encountered are Eustachys petraea, Melinis repens and Sporobolus indicus var. indicus, along with a fairly continuous carpet of Stenotaphrum secundatum. Shell Mound: Sanchez Mound, an e arthen burial site Shell Mound as seen from south end of Red Trail where Juniperus virginiana dominates Shell Mound as seen from Shell Bluff. Note eroding shoreline & coquina well (fenced area). Estuarine Tidal Marsh [652.98 acres, including shore of Guana Lake] may be divided floristically into a "lower saltmarsh," which is flooded daily by tides, and "upper saltmarsh," which is flooded by spring tides and storm tides. The lower saltmarsh is dominated by Spartina alterniflora, growing along tidal creeks and low meadows, with dark patches of Juncus roemerianus in areas of slightly higher elevation. The succulents Batis maritima and Sarcocornia ambigua are prevalent here as well, often growing in distinct bands closer to shore. Also, the aster Symphyotrichum tenuifolium is here. The upper saltmarsh houses a much greater assortment of plant species. Shrubs in this zone are Baccharis angustifolia, Iva frutescens, Borrichia frutescens and Avicennia germinans (occasional). Just above these, Lycium carolinianum and Baccharis halimifolia occur. The herbaceous plants include the fleshy Sesuvium portulacastrum, Suaeda linearis, Atriplex pentandra and Limonium carolinianum, with the poaceous Sporobolus virginicus, Distichlis spicata, Spartina patens, Eustachys petraea, and Panicum virgatum, along with the cyperaceous Fimbristylis spadicea occurring in grassy meadows. Here one also finds Cynanchum angustifolium clambering on the grasses. Where the Maritime Hammock transitions into the saltmarsh, oftentimes stumpy, wind-swept Juniperus virginiana is found. Epiphytes on these old cedars are Tillandsia recurvata, Tillandsia usneoides and an occasional tuft of Tillandsia bartramii. Also at this ecotone is Sabalpalmetto, some housing the epiphyte, Phlebodium aureum. Bordering the uppermost reaches of some tidal creeks, Juncus roemerianus along with the handsome grasses Muhlenbergia capillaris var. capillaris and Panicum virgatum are found. It is here where one may find Iresine diffusa sprawling on Iva frutescens with Symphyotrichum subulatum and Triglochin striata. Estuarine Tidal Marsh - Guana River as seen from Guana Dam The open water north of Guana Dam, which separates Guana River from man-made Guana Lake (Lake Ponte Vedra), is not part of the study site, as it falls under the purview of the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC). However, the lake shores and accompanying wetlands are in the study site. Common plants on the muddy shores near the dam include many of the same species seen in the Estuarine Tidal Marsh south of the dam, such as Spartina alterniflora, Juncus roemerianus, Sporobolus virginicus, Borrichia frutescens, Baccharis angustifolia, Baccharis halimifolia, Iva frutescens, Myrica cerifera, Lycium carolinianum and Solidago sempervirens. Also, Schoenoplectus pungens has now appeared. Farther north the salinity is less, and fresh water species begin to take hold. Along the shore and in depressions in the adjoining beach parking lots and at 6-mile landing boat ramp, one finds Schoenoplectus pungens, Rhynchospora colorata, Juncus effusus subsp. solutus, J. polycephalos, J. megacephalus, Panicum repens, Paspalum urvillei, Cynodon dactylon, Amaranthus australis, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Bidens alba, Teucrium canadense, Gaura angustifolia, Phyla nodiflora, Eupatorium serotinum, Hypericum galioides (seldom), the showy Hibiscus grandiflorus and Kosteletzkya pentacarpos, Ludwigia octovalvis, Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis, Echinochloa walteri, Polypogon monspeliensis (seldom), Rumex verticillatus, Polygonum punctatum, Samolus valerandi subsp. parviflorus, Rubus argutus, Galium tinctorium, Bacopa monnieri, Cyperus polystachyos, C. esculentus, C. retrorsus, Verbena scabra, Verbena bonariensis, Boehmeria cylindrica, Diodia virginiana, Parietaria floridana and Ipomoea sagittata. Shrubs and vines seen are Myrica cerifera, Sambucus nigra subsp. canadensis, Serenoa repens, Rhus copallinum, Ampelopsis arborea, Vitis rotundifolia and Parthenocissus quinquefolia. [Note: Salinity conditions in Guana Lake vary widely, as FWC personnel periodically open the dam to infuse brackish water in an attempt to control cattails.] Guana Lake Shore at 6-mile Landing Boat Ramp Mesic Flatwoods [17acres: Pond Pine Flatwoods] may be located by taking the northwest spur of the Orange Trail, which bisects this community. Here, Pinus serotina and Pinus elliottii (seldom) are the dominant trees. Understory shrubs include extensive stands of Serenoa repens, growing with Quercus myrtifolia, Quercus geminata, Persea borbonia var. borbonia and the ericaceous shrubs Lyonia ferruginea, L. lucida, L. fruticosa, Bejaria racemosa, Gaylusaccia frondosa var. tomentosa, Gaylusaccia dumosa and Vaccinium myrsinites. Other woody species encountered are Ilex glabra, Hypericum tenuifolium, Smilax auriculata and Myrica cerifera. In wet years following a prescribed fire, a greater variety of herbaceous species occurs, most notably Pteridium aquilinum var. pseudocaudatum, Erechtites hieraciifolius, Lechea torreyi, Sericocarpus tortifolius, Eupatorium rotundifolium, Symphyotrichum walteri, Liatris gracilis (seldom), Pityopsis graminifolia, Solidago odora var. chapmanii, Sabatia brevifolia, Galactia elliottii, Hypoxis juncea and Asclepias pedicellata. Andropogon floridanus, Andropogon virginicus var. virginicus, Sorghastrum secundum, Dichanthelium portoricense, Dichanthelium ensifolium var. unciphyllum, Aristida stricta var. beyrichiana, Aristida spiciformis and Schizachyrium scoparium var. scoparium are the major grasses found. In open sandy areas, the small sedge, Bulbostylis stenophylla, may be seen. On moist trailsides you find Cyperus polystachyos, a slim version of Cyperus retrorsus and patches of Eleocharis vivipara. Lespedeza hirta may be found on the edge of the flatwoods near the boundary fence. [Note: Prescribed fire has been successful in maintaining this community.] Mesic Flatwoods (Pond Pine Flatwoods) as seen along the Orange Trail Sand Pine Scrub [2 acres] is a xeric community typically dominated by sand pines with an understory of xerophytic oak species. Here, at GTM Guana River, only 2 acres remain, and these are in degraded condition. It is evident by the number of trunks on the ground that most of the sand pines have long since been toppled by storms or died of old age. Virtually no young trees are found. Under Pinus clausa in a few locales one may find Opuntia pusilla, Commelina erecta, Aristida lanosa, Andropogon ternarius, Scleria triglomerata, and Rhynchospora megalocarpa. However, where the Sand Pine Scrub is eroding into the Tolomato River, at a site known as Wright's Landing, the endangered Monotropsis odorata was found by the first author in 1992. Elsewhere, the Sand Pine Scrub is transitioning into Maritime Hammock, and at these sites one finds Carya glabra, Juniperus virginiana, Persea borbonia var. borbonia and Serenoa repens. Due to the degraded nature of this community, little diversity remains. Sand Pine Scrub: Wright's Landing as seen from the bank of the Tolomato River off the Red Trail Oak Scrub [15 acres] is similar in species composition to Coastal Strand, but this community occurs farther inland. Most of the original Oak Scrub has matured into xeric Maritime Hammock. Here, the scrub oaks Quercus geminata, Q. myrtifolia and Q. chapmanii dominate. Other trees and shrubs include Serenoa repens, Osmanthus americanus, Myrica cerifera, Lyonia ferruginea, Lyonia lucida, Ilex vomitoria, Vaccinium myrsinites, and Sideroxylon tenax. Other than abundant Rhynchospora megalocarpa, few herbs occur in this community, save for occasional clumps of Helianthemum corymbosum, Gratiola hispida and Scleria triglomerata. In open sandy areas Linaria floridana may be found in early spring. This community is nestled between two sections of Mesic Flatwoods and is accessed by taking the northwest spur of the Orange Trail, beginning just past the intersection with the Blue Trail. [Note: Recent attempts to maintain this community by fire have been futile due to sparse ground cover.] Depression Marsh: The "Swale" as seen from kiosk along Yellow Trail (Panicum hemitomon foreground) - - Depression Marsh [83 acres, including Coastal Interdunal Swale] communities are a series of intermittent relict interdunal swales from the late Pleistocene epoch (GTMNERR Draft Management Plan, June 2008). Many of the depressions do not contain water year-round, except after consecutive wet years. One marsh in particular is known as the "Swale." Sometime during the 1960s, a maze of drainage ditches had been dug for mosquito control purposes. In 1994 as part of a restoration project, park personnel filled in the ditches with the existing spoil, leveled the area as per 1942 aerial photographs and scraped out a shallow pond. During times of low water, prescribed fire is applied here to thwart encroaching hardwoods. This depression now supports a more diverse flora, as evidenced by the list of 123 species at the end of this section on page 17. Two other seasonally-wet depressions of note are Bert's Pond, located on the west side of the Blue Trail, and Comet Pond, found off the west side of the Purple Trail. Each is < 1 acre in extent. Bordering Bert's Pond one finds the trees Pinus taeda, Quercus laurifolia, Quercus nigra, Acer rubrum, Ilex opaca var. opaca, Liquidambar styraciflua, Celtis laevigata (seldom), and Sabal palmetto (some housing the epiphytic ferns, Vittaria lineata and Phlebodium aureum). An extensive stand of Cephalanthus occidentalis (entangled with the woody vine, Campsis radicans) surrounds this pond, and a healthy stand of Salix caroliniana resides in the middle. Large colonies of Juncus effusus subsp. solutus are scattered throughout. Other shrubs here include Berchemia scandens, Serenoa repens and Myrica cerifera. During floods, Lemna valdiviana, Landoltia punctata, Cyperus distinctus and Cyperus haspan are evident. During drought, Ptilimnium capillaceum, Teucrium canadense, Sesbania vesicaria and Senna obtusifolia are abundant along with a carpet of Eleocharis vivipara, Carex longii, and mats of Micranthemum umbrosum. Gonolobus suberosa (seldom) and Rhynchospora caduca (occasional) are found on the fringes. [Note: Hexalectris spicata was collected at the beginning of the short trail leading to this pond.] Depress ion Marsh: Bert's Pond off Blue Trail (Eleocharis vivipara foreground; Salix caroliniana in rear) Comet Pond is more open to the sun and supports a greater variety of plants. Rarely is this pond completely dry. At times this depression may be smothered by a nearly solid mat of Limnobium spongia, save for a few stems of Habenaria repens poking through, with Lemna valdiviana and Landoltia punctata seen in season. Along the fringes are Juncus effusus subsp. solutus, Panicum rigidulum and Spartina bakeri, along with the forbs Eupatorium capillifolium, Samolus valerandi var. parviflorus and Lindernia dubia var. dubia. Cephalanthus occidentalis occurs here too. Beyond these, Comet Pond transitions into mesic Maritime Hammock. Depression Marsh: Comet Pond off Purple Trail (Juncus effusus subsp. solutus in foreground) List of Taxa from the "Swale" and Environs (Alphabetical by Family [not shown], Genus, Species) Sagittaria filiformis Eleocharis flavescens Ludwigia curtissii Sagittaria graminea var. graminea Eleocharis vivipara Ludwigia maritima Eryngium baldwinii Fuirena pumila Ludwigia octovalvis Ptilimnium capillaceum Fuirena scirpoidea Ludwigia peruviana Spermolepis divaricata Rhynchospora colorata Ludwigia repens Landoltia punctata Rhynchospora corniculata Ludwigia suffruticosa Lemna valdiviana Rhynchospora fascicularis Agalinis fascicula ta Centella asiatica Rhynchospora filifolia Pinus taeda Hydrocotyle umbellata Rhynchospora microcarpa Bacopa caroliniana Hydrocotyle verticillata var. verticillata Rhynchospora microcephala Bacopa monnieri Baccharis halimifolia Scirpus cyperinus Linaria canadensis Baccharis glomeruliflora Scleria reticularis Micranthemum umbrosum Bidens laevis Drosera brevifolia Scoparia dulcis Cirsium nuttallii Drosera capillaris Amphicarpum muhlenbergianum Eclipta prostrata Diospyros virginiana Andropogon glomeratus var. glaucopsis Erigeron quercifolius Syngonanthus flavidulus Andropogon glomeratus var. pumilus Eupatorium capillifolium Senna obtusifolia Andropogon virginicus var. virginicus Eupatorium leptophyllum Sesbania herbacea Echinochloa walteri Eupatorium mohrii Sesbania vesicaria Leersia hexandra Eupatorium serotinum Lachnanthes caroliana Leptochloa fusca subsp. fascicularis Euthamia caroliniana Myriophyllum pinnatum Luziola fluitans Iva microcephala Proserpinaca pectinata Panicum hemitomon Mikania scandens Limnobium spongia Panicum tenerum Pluchea baccharis Juncus acuminatus Panicum verrucosum Pluchea foetida Juncus coriaceus Saccharum giganteum Pluchea odorata Juncus dichotomus Sacciolepis striata Solidago fistulosa Juncus effusus subsp. solutus Setaria magna Symphyotrichum dumosum Juncus elliottii Spartina bakeri Symphyotrichum elliottii Juncus marginatus Polygonum hirsutum Azolla filiculoides Juncus megacephalus Polygonum punctatum Callitriche peploides Juncus polycephalos Rumex verticillatus Hypericum cistifolium Juncusrepens Cephalanthus occidentalis Hypericum mutilum Utricularia gibba Diodia virginiana Hypericum myrtifolium Utricularia purpurea Galium tinctorium Hypericum tetrapetalum Utricularia radiata Salix caroliniana Cuscuta indecora Utricularia subulata Thelypteris kunthii Cyperus distinctus Ammania latifolia Typha latifolia Cyperus haspan Cuphea carthagenensis Boehmeria cylindrica Cyperus odoratus Rhexia mariana Verbena scabra Cyperus polystachyos Myrica cerifera Viola lanceolata Cyperus strigosus Nymphaea odorata Xyris brevifolia Xyris jupicai Ruderal or disturbed areas consist of roadsides, trailsides, disturbed areas by public recreation areas, around restrooms, shop compounds, parking lots and Guana Dam. This community houses by far the most exotic species. The acreage here has been included into the communities each disturbed area juxtaposes. The spoil forming the earthen Guana Dam, created in the late 1950s and dividing Guana River from the artificially created "Guana Lake," has stabilized and supports a variety of herbs. The common exotic forbs collected around the "dam road" include the showy Verbascum virgatum, Verbascum thapsus (seldom), Melilotus albus, Melilotus indicus, Medicago lupulina and Medicago polymorpha. Other native forbs found are Cirsium horridulum, Cirsium nuttallii, Verbena officinalis subsp. halei, Portulaca oleracea, Portulaca pilosa, Argemone mexicana, Croton capitatus, Bidens alba, Bidens bipinnata, Ipomoea sagittata, Ipomoea cordatotriloba, Teucrium canadense and Draba cuneifolia. Though native to Florida, the diminutive Draba undoubtedly arrived here with the spoil. Grasses that dominate at the dam area are Andropogon virginicus var. virginicus, Eragrostis spectabilis, Eragrostis virginica, Eustachys petraea, Tridens flavus var. flavus, Cenchrus spinifex, Spartina bakeri, Digitaria ciliaris, along with the exotics Digitaria eriantha, Cynodon dactylon, Paspalum notatum var. saurae, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Poa annua, Melinis repens and Sporobolus indicus var. indicus. The cacti, Opuntia stricta and Opuntia pusilla, are very common as well. Along the dirt trails in moist areas, you find Eupatorium capillifolium, Eupatorium compositifolium (occasional), Erigeron quercifolius, Erechtites hieraciifolius, Conyza canadensis, Teucrium canadense, Ipomoea sagittata, Sida ulmifolia, Sida rhombifolia, Ipomoea cordatotriloba, Triodanis perfoliata, Sesbania vesicaria, Silene antirrhina, Polypremum procumbens, Cirsium nuttallii, Linaria canadensis, Krigia virginica, Bidens alba and Lactuca graminifolia. Grasses found here include Vulpia octoflora, Sphenopholis obtusata, Setaria parviflora, Panicum anceps, Tridens flavus var. flavus, Paspalum urvillei, with the sedges Rhynchospora colorata, Carex fissa var. aristata, Carex longii and the ubiquitous Cyperus esculentus and Cyperus retrorsus. In the grassy borders of the beach parking lots, Phyla nodiflora, Spermacoce verticillata, Spermolepis divaricata, Gaillardia pulchella, Gamochaeta antillana, Chenopodium ambrosioides, Vigna luteola, Vicia acutifolia, Sisyrinchium rosulatum, Oxalis corniculata, Richardia brasiliensis, Passiflora incarnata, Plantago virginica, Rubus trivialis, Sonchus oleraceus, Sonchus asper, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Bidens alba, Erigeron quercifolius, Pyrrhopappus caroliniensis, Boerhavia diffusa, Gaura angustifolia, Lepidium virginicum, Descurainia pinnata, Oenothera laciniata, Geranium carolinianum, Cirsium horridulum, Cirsium nuttallii, Ipomoea cordatotriloba and Ipomoea triloba occur, along with the grasses Cynodon dactylon, Eremochloa ophiuroides, Digitaria ciliaris, Eleusine indica, Eustachys petraea, Triplasis purpurea, Setaria parviflora, Sporobolus indicus var. indicus, Cenchrus spinifex, Paspalum setaceum, Paspalum urvillei and Paspalum notatum var. saurae. Also Cyperus retrorsus and Cyperus polystachyos are common. The roadsides bordering State Road A1A and Guana River Road support Desmodium incanum, Desmodium paniculatum, Gaillardia pulchella, Bidens alba, Heterotheca subaxillaris, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Monarda punctata, Poinsettia cyathophora, Plantago virginica, Erythrina herbacea, Chamaecrista fasciculata, Centrosema virginianum, Crotolaria rotundifolia, Gaura angustifolia and Oenothera laciniata, along with the exotics Cyperus esculentus, Desmodium triflorum, Desmodium tortuosum, Indigofera hirsuta, Indigofera spicata, Plantago lanceolata, Tribulus terrestris and Lantana camara. The common grasses are Cynodon dactylon, Cenchrus spinifex, Digitaria ciliaris, Digitaria filiformis var. filiformis, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Sporobolus indicus var. indicus, Paspalum notatum var. saurae and Paspalum setaceum, along with the sedges Cyperus retrorsus and Cyperus polystachyos. In the shop compound, which was carved out of Coastal Strand, Smilax auriculata, Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Vitis rotundifolia and Vitis aestivalis grow entwined on the fences. Weedy forbs of the area include Chenopodium ambrosioides, Boerhavia diffusa, Croton glandulosus var. glandulosus, Physalis walteri, Conyza canadensis, Heterotheca subaxillaris, Bidens alba, Gamochaeta antillana, Tradescantia ohiensis, Solanum chenopodioides, Desmodium tortuosum, Oenothera laciniata, Verbascum virgatum and Chamaesyce maculata along with the shrub, Lantana camara. The expected mixed bag of native and exotic grasses here include Sporobolus indicus var. indicus, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Cenchrus spinifex, Paspalum setaceum, Paspalum notatum var. saurae, Cynodon dactylon, Eleusine indica, Panicum repens, Eremochloa ophiuroides and Eustachys petraea. Ruderal site: Guana Dam Ruderal site: Middle Beach Use Area ANNOTATED LIST OF VASCULAR PLANT TAXA A list of 507 vascular plant species, representing genera in 110 families, has been tabulated from collections made by the two authors. Interesting plants identified in the study area include the extremely rare Pigmypipes (Monotropsis odorata), having FNAI State rank S1 (critically imperiled) and State status LE (endangered). Prior to its rediscovery by the first author in 1992 at Wright's Landing near the banks of the Tolomato River, it hadn't been found in St. Johns County since the plant was discovered "near St. Augustine" by Mary C. Reynolds in 1883 (Ward, Rare and Endangered Biota of Florida. Vol. 5 Plants, 1978). Sadly, this station has degraded from erosion by boat wakes, and no plants have been found in recent years. Also, GTM Guana River is the northeastern-most outpost for the Black Mangrove (Avicennia germinans). It can be found on the banks of the Tolomato River at scattered stations. Two tropical fern species, Shoestring Fern (Vittaria lineata) and Golden Polypody (Phlebodium aureum), may be found clinging to the trunks of a few Cabbage Palms at Bert's Pond. The most diverse families include the Poaceae (74 spp.); Asteraceae (64 spp.); Cyperaceae (38 spp.); Fabaceae (34 spp.); Ericaceae (13 spp.); Plantaginaceae (12 spp.); Euphorbiaceae, Juncaceae (11 spp. each); Convolvulaceae (10 spp.); Amaranthaceae, Rubiaceae, Onagraceae (9 spp. each); Orchidaceae, Clusiaceae, Lamiaceae (8 spp. each); Fagaceae, Rosaceae, Verbenaceae, Brassicaceae, Solanaceae (6 spp. each); Smilacaceae, Apiaceae, Aquifoliaceae, Araliaceae (5 spp. each); Apocynaceae, Lentibulariaceae, Malvaceae, Pinaceae, Vitaceae (4 spp. each); Araceae, Bromeliaceae, Cistaceae, Oleaceae, Polygonaceae, Rutaceae (3 spp. each). The genera containing the most species were Cyperus, Juncus (11 spp. each); Panicum (10 spp.); Hypericum, Rhynchospora (8 spp. each); Eupatorium, Symphyotrichum, Ipomoea, Quercus, Ludwigia (6 spp. each); Andropogon, Ilex, Smilax (5 spp. each); Carex, Vaccinium, Utricularia, Pinus, Chamaesyce, Solidago, Desmodium, Verbena (4 spp. each); Hydrocotyle, Baccharis, Bidens, Iva, Pluchea, Tillandsia, Fimbristylis, Eleocharis, Indigofera, Crotalaria, Croton, Aristida, Cenchrus, Dichanthelium, Digitaria, Paspalum, Spartina, Prunus, Rubus, Solanum, Lyonia (3 spp. each). Ten fern species were recorded; the number of exotic species collected is 64, or 12.6% of the total. The following annotated list of taxa is arranged alphabetically by family, genus and species. Circumscription of families, the nomenclature, authorities and most common names follow Wunderlin & Hansen (2008), save for a few recent revisions. The format for each vascular plant species begins with its scientific name, followed by an abbreviation of the authority, common name(s) in brackets, then a bold number indicating the plant community from which it was collected (Beach Dune: 1; Coastal Strand: 2; Maritime Hammock: 3; Shell Mound: 4; Estuarine Tidal Marsh: 5 (including margins of Guana Lake: 5a); Mesic Flatwoods: 6; Sand Pine Scrub: 7; Oak Scrub: 8; Depression Marsh: 9; Ruderal: 10), immediately followed by a bold capital letter indicating frequency in the community collected (designations are common, C; occasional, O; seldom, S; waif, W), and ending with collection number(s). For selected species, a plate number follows collection number. Multiple collections from the same plant are indicated with A, B or C after the collection number. Each exotic species entry begins with an asterisk (*). Brenda & Donald Herring conducted a survey here in September, 1990, and 28 gift vouchers from their work have been incorporated into our herbarium as well and are part of the overall annotated list. Their collection numbers are followed by "BH." List of Taxa ACANTHACEAE Ruellia caroliniensis (J. F. Gmel.) Steud. [Carolina Wild Petunia] 3; O--232 Plate 1 ACERACEAE (see Sapindaceae) ADOXACEAE Sambucus nigra L. subsp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli. [American Elder; Elderberry] 5a; O--274 Plate 1 AGAVACEAE Yucca aloifolia L. [Spanish Bayonet] 2; C--351 AIZOACEAE Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L. [Shoreline Seapurslane] 5; C--248 Plate 2 ALISMATACEAE Sagittaria filiformis J. G. Sm. [Threadleaf Arrowhead] 9; C--662, 663 Sagittaria graminea Michx. var. graminea [Grassy Arrowhead] 9; O--676 ALTINGIACEAE Liquidambar styraciflua L. [Sweetgum] 3; C--113 Plate 2 AMARANTHACEAE *Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. [Alligatorweed] 10; S--728 Amaranthus australis (A. Gray) J. D. Sauer [Southern Amaranth] 5a; O--389, 738 Atriplex pentandra (Jacq.) Standl. [Crested Saltbush; Seabeach Orach] 1; C--364, 365 Plate 2 Chenopodium album L. [Lamb's-quarters] 1; S--292 *Chenopodium ambrosioides L. [Mexican Tea; Pigweed] 10; C--335 Iresine diffusa Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. [Juba's Bush] 5; O--635, 716 Plate 3 *Salsola kali L. subsp. pontica (Pall.) Mosyakin [Prickly Russian Thistle] 1; O--294 Sarcocornia ambigua (Michx.) M. A. Alonzo & M. P. Crespo [Perennial Glasswort] 5; C--214, 775 Plate 3 Suaeda linearis (Elliott) Moq. [Sea Blite; Annual Seepweed] 5; C--215, 613 Plate 4 ANACARDIACEAE Rhus copallinum L. [Winged Sumac] 2; C--290, 348 Plate 4 Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze [Eastern Poison Ivy] 4; O, 3; C--506, 577 Plate 5 ANNONACEAE Asimina parviflora (Michx.) Dunal [Smallflower Pawpaw] 2; O--425, 467 APIACEAE [UMBELLIFERAE] (see also Araliaceae) *Daucus carota L. [Queen Anne's Lace] 10; S--763 Eryngium baldwinii Spreng. [Baldwin's Eryngo] 9; O--259, 264 Ptilimnium capillaceum (Michx.) Raf. [Mock Bishopsweed] 9; O--583 Sanicula canadensis L. [Canadian Blacksnakeroot] 4; S--584, 690 Spermolepis divaricata (Walter) Raf. [Roughfruit Scaleseed] 9; O, 10; C--156, 178 APOCYNACEAE Asclepias pedicellata Walter [Savannah Milkweed] 6; S--752 Plate 5 Asclepias tomentosa Elliott [Velvetleaf Milkweed] 2; O--183 Plate 5 Cynanchum angustifolium Pers. [Gulf Coast Swallowwort] 5; O--477A Gonolobus suberosus (L.) R. Br. [Angularfruit Milkvine; Angle Pod] 3; S--685 AQUIFOLIACEAE Ilex ambigua (Michx.) Torr. var. ambigua [Carolina Holly; Sand Holly] 3; O, 2; O--137BH, 470, 508 Plate 6 Ilex cassine L. var. cassine [Dahoon] 9; S--469A Ilex glabra (L.) A. Gray [Inkberry; Gallberry] 3; C--219 Plate 6 Ilex opaca Aiton var. opaca [American Holly] 3; C--100, 522, 753 Ilex vomitoria Aiton [Yaupon] 3; C--123BH, 441 Plate 7 ARACEAE Arisaema draconium (L.) Schott [Greendragon] 2; W--755 *Landoltia punctata (G. Mey.) Les & D. J. Crawford [Dotted Duckweed] 9; O--432 Plate 7 Lemna valdiviana Phil. [Vildivia Duckweed] 9; C--446 ARALIACEAE Aralia spinosa L. [Devil's Walkingstick] 3; O--343 Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. [Spadeleaf; Coinwort] 9; C--293 Hydrocotyle bonariensis Comm. ex Lam. [Largeleaf Marshpennywort] 1; C--285 Plate 7 Hydrocotyle umbellata L. [Manyflower Marshpennywort] 9; C--457 Hydrocotyle verticillata Thunb. var. verticillata. [Whorled Marshpennywort] 9; O--277 ARECACEAE [PALMAE] Sabal palmetto (Walter) Lodd. ex Schult. & Schult. f. [Cabbage Palm; Sabal Palm] 3; C--488 Serenoa repens (W. Bartram) Small [Saw Palmetto] 2; C--158BH, 177 ASCLEPIADACEAE (see Apocynaceae) ASPIDIACEAE (see Thelypteridaceae) ASTERACEAE [COMPOSITAE] Ageratina jucunda (Greene) Clewell & Wooten [Hammock Snakeroot] 3; C--112, 514 Plate 8 Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. [Common Ragweed] 10; C--291, 376 Baccharis angustifolia Michx. [Saltwater Falsewillow] 5; O--405 Baccharis glomeruliflora Pers. [Silverling] 9; O--524 Baccharis halimifolia L. [Salt Bush; Groundsel Tree; Sea Myrtle] 2; C--103 Bidens alba (L.) DC. [Beggarticks; Romerillo] 10; C--147 Plate 8 Bidens bipinnata L. [Spanish Needles] 3; S--412 Bidens laevis (L.) Britton et al. [Burrmarigold] 9; O--724, 750 Borrichia frutescens (L.) DC. [Bushy Seaside Oxeye] 5; C--111 Plate 9 Cirsium horridulum Michx. [Bull Thistle; Yellow Thistle] 10; C--436 Plate 9 Cirsium nuttallii DC. [Nuttall's Thistle] 10; C--254 Plate 10 Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist [Canadian Horseweed] 10; C--197, 638 Plate 10 *Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. [Golden Tickseed] 10; W--224 Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. [False Daisy] 9; S--725 Elephantopus elatus Bertol. [Tall Elephantsfoot] 3; C, 10; O--366, 623 Plate 11 *Emilia fosbergii Nicolson [Florida Tasselflower] 10; S--778 Plate 11 Erechtites hieraciifolius (L.) Raf. ex DC. [Fireweed] 4; O--235 Plate 11 Erigeron quercifolius Lam. [Oakleaf Fleabane] 10; C--151, 463 Plate 12 Eupatorium capillifolium (Lam.) Small [Dogfennel] 3; O--406 Plate 13-A Eupatorium compositifolium Walter [Yankeeweed] 3; S--407 Plate 13-A Eupatorium leptophyllum DC. [Falsefennel] 9; C--617 Eupatorium mohrii Greene [Mohr's Thoroughwort] 9; S--309 Plate 13-B Eupatorium rotundifolium L. [Roundleaf Thoroughwort; False Horehound] 6; O--761 Eupatorium serotinum Michx. [Lateflowering Thoroughwort] 5a; O--356, 360 Plate 13-B Euthamia caroliniana Greene ex Porter & Britton [Slender Flattop Goldenrod] 9; C--114, 121 Plate 14 Gaillardia pulchella Foug. [Firewheel; Blanketflower] 10; C--119 Plate 14 Gamochaeta antillana (Urb.) Anderb. [Narrowleaf Purple Everlasting] 10; O--164 Gamochaeta pensylvanica (Willd.) Cabrera [Pennsylvania Everlasting] 10; C--462 Helianthus debilis Nutt. subsp. debilis [East Coast Dune Sunflower] 1; O--102 Plate 14 Heterotheca subaxillaris (Lam.) Britton & Rusby [Camphorweed] 2; C--148, 149 Plate 15 Hieracium gronovii L. [Queen-devil] 4; O--492 Iva frutescens L. [Bigleaf Sumpweed; Marshelder] 5; C--126BH Plate 16 Iva imbricata Walter [Seacoast Marshelder] 1; C--156BH Plate 16 Iva microcephala Nutt. [Piedmont Marshelder] 9; O--505 Plate 17 Krigia virginica (L.) Willd. [Virginia Dwarfdandelion] 10; O--133 Lactuca floridana (L.) Gaertn. [Woodland Lettuce] 10; O--712 Lactuca graminifolia Michx. [Grassleaf Lettuce] 10; C--209, 212 Liatris gracilis Pursh [Slender Gayfeather] 6; S--759 Plate 17 Liatris tenuifolia Nutt. var. tenuifolia [Shortleaf Gayfeather] 6; S--774 Mikania cordifolia (L. f.) Willd. [Florida Keys Hempvine] 2; C--131BH Plate 18 Mikania scandens (L.) Willd. [Climbing Hempvine] 9; O--120, 497 Plate 18 Pityopsis graminifolia (Michx.) Nutt. [Narrowleaf Silkgrass] 10; S--518 Plate 19 Pluchea baccharis (Mill.) Pruski [Rosy Camphorweed] 9; C--287, 594 Plate 19 Pluchea foetida (L.) DC. [Stinking Camphorweed] 9; C--598 Plate 19 Pluchea odorata (L.) Cass. [Sweetscent] 9; C--121BH, 125, 597, 605, 772, 773 Plate 19 Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium (L.) Hilliard & B. L. Burtt [Rabbit Tobacco; Sweet Everlasting] 10; S--127 Pterocaulon pycnostachyum (Michx.) Elliott [Blackroot] 10; O--236 Pyrrhopappus carolinianus (Walter) DC. [Carolina Desertchicory; False Dandelion] 10; C--146 Plate 20 Sericocarpus tortifolius (Michx.) Nees [Whitetop Aster; Dixie Aster] 6; O--747 Smallanthus uvedalia (L.) Mack. ex Small [Hairy Leafcup; Bear's Foot] 4; O--632 Plate 20 Solidago canadensis L. var. scabra Torr. & A. Gray [Canada Goldenrod] 10; S--771 Solidago fistulosa Mill. [Pinebarren Goldenrod] 9; O--498 Solidago odora Aiton var. chapmanii (A. Gray) Cronquist [Chapman's Goldenrod] 3; C, 2; C--143BH, 783 Plate 21 Solidago sempervirens L. [Seaside Goldenrod] 1; C--110, 110A, 110B Plate 21 *Sonchus asper (L.) Hill [Spiny Sowthistle] 10; O--245 *Sonchus oleraceus L. [Common Sowthistle] 10; C--220, 220A Symphyotrichum carolinianum (Walter) Wunderlin & B. F. Hansen [Climbing Aster] 9; S--104, 123 Plate 22 Symphyotrichum dumosum (L.) G. L. Nesom [Rice Button Aster] 9; S--414, 415 Symphyotrichum elliottii (Torr. & A. Gray) G. L. Nesom [Swamp Aster; Elliott's Aster] 9; S--642 Symphyotrichum subulatum (Michx.) G. L. Nesom [Annual Saltmarsh Aster] 5; O--516 Symphyotrichum tenuifolium (L.) G. L. Nesom [Perennial Saltmarsh Aster] 5; O--630 Symphyotrichum walteri (Alex.) G. L. Nesom [Walter's Aster] 6; S--762 Verbesina virginica L. [Frostweed; White Crownbeard] 4; S--631 Vernonia gigantea (Walter) Trel. [Giant Ironweed] 10; O--319 Plate 22 AVICENNIACEAE Avicennia germinans (L.) L. [Black Mangrove] 5; C--636, 648, 766 Plate 23 AZOLLACEAE Azolla filiculoides Lam. [Carolina Mosquito Fern] 9; C--433 BATACEAE Batis maritima L. [Saltwort; Turtleweed] 5; C--484 Plate 24 BIGNONIACEAE Bignonia capreolata L. [Crossvine] 3; C--189 Plate 24 Campsis radicans (L.) Seemann [Trumpet Creeper] 3; C--354, 622 Plate 25 BLECHNACEAE Woodwardia areolata (L.) T. Moore [Netted Chain Fern] 9; S--257 Woodwardia virginica (L.) Sm. [Virginia Chain Fern] 9; S--657 Plate 25 BRASSICACEAE [CRUCIFERAE] Cakile edentula (Bigelow) Hook. subsp. harperi (Small) Rodman [American Searocket] 1; C--427 Plate 25 *Cardamine hirsuta L. [Hairy Bittercress] 10; S, 9; S--456, 654 Descurainia pinnata (Walter) Britton [Western Tansymustard] 10; C--158, 200, 652 Draba cuneifolia Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray [Wedgeleaf Whitlowgrass] 10; O--449, 650 Lepidium virginicum L. [Virginia Pepperweed; Poor-man's Pepper] 10; C--154 *Raphanus raphanistrum L. [Wild Radish] 10; S--459 BROMELIACEAE Tillandsia bartramii Elliott [Bartram's Airplant] 4; O--480 Plate 26 Tillandsia recurvata (L.) L. [Ballmoss] 4; C--321 Plate 26 Tillandsia usneoides (L.) L. [Spanish Moss] 4; C--320 Plate 26 CACTACEAE Opuntia pusilla (Haw.) Haw. [Devil Joint; Cockspur Pricklypear] 10; C--483 Plate 27 Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw. [Erect Pricklypear] 10; C--328 Plate 27 CALLITRICHACEAE Callitriche peploides Nutt. [Matted Waterstarwort] 9; S--578 CAMPANULACEAE Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl. [Clasping Venus' Lookingglass] 10; C--139 *Wahlenbergia marginata (Thumb.) A. DC. [Southern Rockbell] 10; S--255 CAPRIFOLIACEAE (see Adoxaceae) CARYOPHYLLACEAE Paronychia baldwinii (Torr. & A. Gray) Fenzl ex Walp. [Baldwin's Nailwort] 9; S--346 Silene antirrhina L. [Sleepy Catchfly] 10; C--180, 442 CELTIDACEAE Celtis laevigata Willd. [Sugarberry; Hackberry] 3; O--673 CHENOPODIACEAE (see Amaranthaceae) CHRYSOBALANACEAE Licania michauxii Prance [Gopher Apple] 2; C--475 CISTACEAE Helianthemum corymbosum Michx. [Pinebarren Frostweed; Rockrose] 8; C--137 Plate 28 Lechea mucronata Raf. [Hairy Pinweed] 2; O--781 Plate 29 Lechea torreyi (Chapm.) Legg ex Britton [Piedmont Pinweed] 6; O--448, 491, 782 Plate 29 CLUSIACEAE [GUTTIFERAE] Hypericum cistifolium Lam. [Roundpod St. John's-wort] 9; C--126, 310 Plate 30 Hypericum galioides Lam. [Bedstraw St. John's-wort] 5a; S--284 Hypericum gentianoides (L.) Britton et al. [Pineweeds; Orangegrass] 8; O--249 Hypericum hypericoides (L.) Crantz [St. Andrew's-cross] 10; C--283 Plate 30 Hypericum mutilum L. [Dwarf St. John's-wort] 9; O--582 Hypericum myrtifolium Lam. [Myrtleleaf St. John's-wort] 9; S--130, 331 Hypericum tenuifolium Pursh [Atlantic St. John's-wort] 6; C--282 Plate 30 Hypericum tetrapetalum Lam. [Fourpetal St. John's-wort] 9; C--115, 573 Plate 30 COMMELINACEAE Commelina erecta L. [Whitemouth Dayflower] 10; O--230 Plate 31 Tradescantia ohiensis Raf. [Bluejacket; Ohio Spiderwort] 10; C--231 Plate 31 CONVOLVULACEAE Cuscuta exaltata Engelm. [Tall Dodder] 3; S--507 Cuscuta indecora Choisy [Bigseed Alfalfa Dodder] 9; O--332 Plate 32 Dichondra caroliniensis Michx. [Carolina Ponysfoot] 10; C--418 Ipomoea cordatotriloba Dennst. [Tievine] 10; C--116, 398 Plate 33-A Ipomoea imperati (Vahl) Griseb. [Beach Morningglory] 1; C--280 Plate 33-A Ipomoea pandurata (L.) G. Meyer [Man-of-the-Earth; Wild Potato Vine] 3; S--745 Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br. subsp. brasiliensis (L.) Ooststr. [Railroad Vine; Bayhops] 1; C--313 Plate 33-B Ipomoea sagittata Poir. [Saltmarsh Morningglory] 10; O--334 Plate 33-B *Ipomoea triloba L. [Littlebell] 10; S--450 *Merremia dissecta (Jacq.) Hallier f. [Alamo Vine; Noyau Vine] 10; S--715 CORNACEAE Nyssa sylvatica Marshall var. biflora (Walter) Sarg. [Swamp Tupelo] 9; S--139BH CUCURBITACEAE Melothria pendula L. [Creeping Cucumber] 3; O--493 CUPRESSACEAE Juniperus virginiana L. [Red Cedar] 3; C, 4; C--114BH, 628 Plate 34 CYPERACEAE Bulbostylis ciliatifolia (Elliott) Fernald [Capillary Hairsedge] 8; C--271 Bulbostylis stenophylla (Elliott) C. B. Clarke [Sandyfield Hairsedge] 6; S--760 Carex dasycarpa Muhl. [Sandywoods Sedge] 3; C--660 Carex fissa Mack. var. aristata F. J. Herm. [Hammock Sedge] 10; S--586 Carex longii Mack. [Long's Sedge] 10; O--182 Carex nigromarginata Schwein. var. floridana (Schwein.) Kuk. [Blackedge Sedge] 4; O--587 Cyperus croceus Vahl [Baldwin's Flatsedge] 10; O, 3; O--244, 381 Plate 35-A Cyperus distinctus Steud. [Swamp Flatsedge] 9; O--703 Plate 35-A *Cyperus esculentus L. [Yellow Nutgrass] 10; C--303 Plate 35-A Cyperus haspan L. [Haspan Flatsedge] 9; O--260, 677 Plate 35-B Cyperus odoratus L. [Fragrant Flatsedge] 9; C--692, 693 Plate 35-B Cyperus polystachyos Rottb. [Manyspike Flatsedge] 10; O, 9; O--339, 353, 602 Plate 35-C Cyperus retrorsus Chapm. [Pinebarren Flatsedge] 3; C--256 Plate 35-C *Cyperus rotundus L. [Nutgrass] 10; S--756 Cyperus strigosus L. [Strawcolored Flatsedge] 9; S--595 Cyperus surinamensis Rottb. [Tropical Flatsedge] 10; O--269 Plate 35-D Cyperus tetragonus Elliott [Fourangle Flatsedge] 3; C--142BH, 352 Plate 35-D Eleocharis flavescens (Poir.) Urb. [Yellow Spikerush] 9; C--639 Eleocharis montevidensis Kunth [Sand Spikerush] 9; C--672 Eleocharis vivipara Link [Viviparous Spikerush] 9; C--382, 641, 688 Plate 36 Fimbristylis autumnalis (L.) Roem. & Schult. [Slender Fimbry] 9; O--601 Fimbristylis caroliniana (Lam.) Fernald [Carolina Fimbry] 9; O--696 Fimbristylis spadicea (L.) Vahl [Marsh Fimbry] 5; C--247, 304 Plate 36 Fuirena pumila (Torr.) Spreng. [Dwarf Umbrellasedge] 9; O--371 Fuirena scirpoidea Michx. [Southern Umbrellasedge] 9; C--186 Plate 36 *Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb. [Shortleaf Spikesedge] 10; C--729 Rhynchospora caduca Elliott [Anglestem Beaksedge] 3; S--640, 686 Rhynchospora colorata (L.) H. Pfeiff. [Starrush Whitetop] 9; C--190 Plate 36 Rhynchospora corniculata (Lam.) A. Gray [Shortbristle Horned Beaksedge] 9; O--596 Rhynchospora fascicularis (Michx.) Vahl [Fascicled Beaksedge] 9; C--379, 592, 701 Rhynchospora filifolia A. Gray [Threadleaf Beaksedge] 9; C--272, 593 Rhynchospora megalocarpa A. Gray [Sandyfield Beaksedge] 3; C--222, 468 Plate 37 Rhynchospora microcarpa Baldwin ex A. Gray [Southern Beaksedge] 9; O--698 Rhynchospora microcephala (Britton) Britton ex Small [Bunched Beaksedge] 9; O--700 Schoenoplectus pungens (Vahl) Palla [Threesquare Bulrush] 5a; C--780 Plate 38 Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth [Woolgrass] 9; S--744 Scleria reticularis Michx. [Netted Nutrush] 9; O--612 Scleria triglomerata Michx. [Tall Nutgrass] 3; C--221 DENNSTAEDTIACEAE Plate 38 Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn var. psuedocaudatum (Clute) A. Heller [Tailed Bracken] 5a; C--161 DROSERACEAE Drosera brevifolia Pursh [Dwarf Sundew] 9; S--452 Drosera capillaris Poir. [Pink Sundew] 9; S--451 EBENACEAE Diospyros virginiana L. [Common Persimmon] 9; C--425A ERICACEAE (including Monotropaceae, Pyrolaceae and Empetraceae) Bejaria racemosa Vent. [Tarflower] 6; C--267 Plate 38 Ceratiola ericoides Michx. [Florida Rosemary; Sand Heath] 2; O--106, 658 Plate 39 Gaylussacia dumosa (Andrews) Torr. & A. Gray [Dwarf Huckleberry] 6; O--742 Gaylussacia frondosa (L.) Torr. & A. Gray ex Torr. var. tomentosa A. Gray [Blue Huckleberry] 3; O--576 Lyonia ferruginea (Walter) Nutt. [Rusty Staggerbush; Crooked Wood] 8; C, 2; O--141, 460 Plate 39 Lyonia fruticosa (Michx.) G. S. Torr. [Coastalplain Staggerbush] 6; C--743 Plate 40 Lyonia lucida (Lam.) K. Koch [Fetterbush; Shiny Lyonia] 8; C--150 Plate 40 Monotropa uniflora L. [Indianpipe] 3; O--413 Plate 41 Monotropsis odorata Schwein. [Pigmypipes] 7; S--416 Vaccinium arboreum Marshall [Sparkleberry; Farkleberry] 3; C--155 Plate 42 Vaccinium corymbosum L. [Highbush Blueberry] 3; O--136, 461, 575 Vaccinium myrsinites Lam. [Shiny Blueberry] 8; C--143, 420A Vaccinium stamineum L. [Deerberry] 2; S--465 Plate 42 ERIOCAULACEAE Syngonanthus flavidulus (Michx.) Ruhland [Yellow Hatpins] 9; O--170 EUPHORBIACEAE (see also Phyllanthaceae) Acalypha gracilens A. Gray [Slender Threeseed Mercury] 10; S--500 Plate 43 Chamaesyce bombensis (Jacq.) Dugand [Dixie Sandmat] 1; C--337 Plate 43 Chamaesyce hyssopifolia (L.) Small [Hyssopleaf Sandmat] 10; C--608 Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small [Spotted Sandmat] 10; O--275 Plate 43 Chamaesyce prostrata (Aiton) Small [Prostrate Sandmat] 2; O--786 Cnidoscolus stimulosus (Michx.) Engelm. & A. Gray [Tread-softly; Finger-rot] 10; C--157 Plate 44 Croton capitatus Michx. [Hogwort; Woolly Croton] 10; C--312 Plate 44 Croton glandulosus L. var. glandulosus [Vente Conmigo] 4; S, 10; O--317, 378 Plate 45 Croton punctatus Jacq. [Beach Tea; Gulf Croton] 1; C--289 Plate 45 Poinsettia cyathophora (Murray) Bartl. [Painted-leaf; Fire-on-the-Mountain] 10; C--241 Plate 46 FABACEAE [LEGUMINOSAE] Aeschynomene americana L. [Shyleaf] 10; S--610 Amorpha fruticosa L. [False Indigobush] 3; O, 4; O--226, 229, 671 Plate 46 Centrosema virginianum (L.) Benth. [Spurred Butterfly Pea] 2; C--268 Plate 47 Chamaecrista fasciculata (Michx.) Greene [Partridge Pea] 10; C--223, 369 Plate 47 Chamaecrista nictitans (L.) Moench var. aspera (Muhl. ex Elliott) H. S. Irwin & Barneby [Sensitive Pea] 10; O--394 Clitoria mariana L. [Atlantic Pigeonwings] 4; S--127BH Crotalaria purshii DC. [Pursh's Rattlebox] 10; S--204 Crotalaria rotundifolia J. F. Gmel. [Rabbitbells] 10; C--464 Plate 47 *Crotalaria spectabilis Roth [Showy Rattlebox] 10; O--411 Desmodium incanum DC. [Beggarweed] 10; C--233, 482 Plate 48 Desmodium paniculatum (L.) DC. [Panicledleaf Ticktrefoil] 10; O--396 *Desmodium tortuosum (Sw.) DC. [Dixie Ticktrefoil] 10; C--196 Plate 48 *Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC. [Threeflower Ticktrefoil] 10; O--295 Erythrina herbacea L. [Coralbean; Cherokee Bean] 2; C--227 Plate 48 Galactia elliottii Nutt. [Elliott's Milkpea] 10; C--207 Plate 49 Galactia volubilis (L.) Britton [Downy Milkpea] 4; O, 3; C, 10; C--234, 349, 358, 361 Plate 49 *Indigofera hirsuta L. [Hairy Indigo] 10; S--400A, 400B, 400C *Indigofera spicata Forssk. [Trailing Indigo] 10; S--171A, 171B *Indigofera suffruticosa Mill. [Woody Indigo] 4; O--327, 341 Plate 50 Lespedeza hirta (L.) Hornem. [Hairy Bush Clover] 6; O--375 Plate 50 *Macroptilium lathyroides (L.) Urb. [Wild Bushbean] 10; S--439, 440 *Medicago lupulina L. [Black Medick] 10; C--134 *Medicago polymorpha L. [Burclover] 10; C--198, 445 *Melilotus albus Medik. [White Sweetclover] 10; C--203 *Melilotus indicus (L.) All. [Indian Sweetclover] 10; O--132, 199 Mimosa quadrivalvis L. var. angustata (Torr. & A. Gray) Barneby [Sensitive Brier] 10; S--188 Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC. [Climbing Dollar-weed; Least Snoutbean] 2; C--122 Plate 51 Senna obtusifolia (L.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby [Sicklepod; Coffeeweed] 10; O--504 Sesbania herbacea (Mill.) McVaugh [Danglepod] 9; O--713 Sesbania vesicaria (Jacq.) Elliott [Bladderpod; Bagpod] 10; C--357, 362 Strophostyles helvola (L.) Elliott [Trailing Fuzzybean] 10; C--250, 368 *Trifolium repens L. [White Clover] 10; O--437 Vicia acutifolia Elliott [Fourleaf Vetch] 10; O--439A Vigna luteola (Jacq.) Benth. [Hairypod Cowpea] 10; O--237 Plate 51 FAGACEAE Quercus chapmanii Sarg. [Chapman's Oak] 2; O--160BH, 496 Plate 52 Quercus geminata Small [Sand Live Oak] 2; C--495 Plate 52 Quercus laurifolia Michx. [Laurel Oak; Diamond Oak] 3; C--499, 621, 633 Quercus myrtifolia Willd. [Myrtle Oak] 2; C--494 Plate 53 Quercus nigra L. [Water Oak] 3; O--520, 659 Plate 53 Quercus virginiana Mill. [Live Oak] 3; C--161BH GELSEMIACEAE Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) Aiton f. [Yellow Jessamine] 9; C--421, 424 Plate 54 GENTIANACEAE Sabatia brevifolia Raf. [Shortleaf Rosegentian] 6; S--746 GERANIACEAE Geranium carolinianum L. [Carolina Cranesbill] 10; O--202 HAEMODORACEAE Lachnanthes caroliana (Lam.) Dandy [Carolina Redroot] 9; S--695 HALORAGACEAE Myriophyllum pinnatum (Walter) Britton et al. [Cutleaf Watermilfoil; Green Parrot's-feather] 9; O--687 Proserpinaca pectinata Lam. [Combleaf Mermaidweed] 9; S--661 Plate 54 HAMAMELIDACEAE (see Altingiaceae) HYDROCHARITACEAE Limnobium spongia (Bosc.) Rich. ex Steud. [Frog's-bit; American Spongeplant] 9; C--519 HYPERICACEAE (see Clusiaceae) HYPOXIDACEAE Hypoxis juncea Sm. [Fringed Yellow Stargrass] 6; S--751 Plate 54 IRIDACEAE *Sisyrinchium rosulatum E. P. Bicknell [Annual Blue-eyed Grass] 10; C--194, 727 JUGLANDACEAE Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet [Pignut Hickory] 3; C, 2; S--108, 122BH, 466 Plate 55 JUNCACEAE Juncus acuminatus Michx. [Tapertip Rush] 9; O--705 Juncus coriaceus Mack. [Leathery Rush] 9; O--513 Plate 55 Juncus dichotomus Elliott [Forked Rush] 9; C--181, 205 Juncus effusus L. subsp. solutus (Fernald & Wiegand) Hamet-Ahti [Soft Rush] 5a; C--174 Plate 56 Juncus elliottii Chapm. [Bog Rush] 9; C--206, 591, 681 Juncus marginatus Rostk. [Shore Rush] 9; C--590 Plate 56 Juncus megacephalus M. A. Curtis [Bighead Rush] 5a; C--252, 679 Plate 56 Juncus polycephalos Michx. [Manyhead Rush] 5a; O--298 Juncus repens Michx. [Lesser Creeping Rush] 9; O--682, 689 Juncus roemerianus Scheele [Needle Rush; Black Rush] 5; C--471 Plate 56 Juncus tenuis Willd. [Path Rush; Poverty Rush] 10; C--790 JUNCAGINACEAE Triglochin striata Ruiz & Pav. [Arrowgrass] 5; O--764 LAMIACEAE [LABIATAE] Callicarpa americana L. [American Beautyberry; French Mulberry] 3; O--276 Plate 57 Monarda punctata L. [Spotted Beebalm; Spotted Horsemint] 10; C--323 Plate 57 Salvia coccinea Buc'hoz ex Etl. [Tropical Sage; Blood Sage] 4; O--118 Plate 58 Salvia lyrata L. [Lyreleaf Sage] 10; C--152, 574 Plate 58 Stachys floridana Shuttlew. ex Benth. [Florida Betony; Florida Hedgenettle] 10; O--665 Teucrium canadense L. [Wood Sage; Canadian Germander] 9; C--333 Plate 59 Trichostema dichotomum L. [Forked Bluecurls] 2; S--399 Plate 59 *Vitex trifolia L. [Simpleleaf Chastetree; Beach Vitex] 1; S--787 Plate 59 LAURACEAE Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng. var. borbonia [Red Bay] 2; C, 3; C--132BH, 471A Persea palustris (Raf.) Sarg. [Swamp Bay] 3; S--526 LEMNACEAE (see Araceae) LENTIBULARIACEAE Utricularia gibba L. [Humped Bladderwort] 9; O--273 Utricularia purpurea Walter [Eastern Purple Bladderwort] 9; S--664 Utricularia radiata Small [Little Floating Bladderwort] 9; C--653 Plate 60 Utricularia subulata L. [Zigzag Bladderwort] 9; O--429 LOGANIACEAE (see Gelsemiaceae & Tetrachondraceae) LYTHRACEAE Ammannia latifolia L. [Toothcups; Pink Redstem] 9; S--607 *Cuphea carthagenensis (Jacq.) J. F. Macbr. [Colombian Waxweed] 9; S--614 MAGNOLIACEAE Magnolia grandiflora L. [Southern Magnolia] 2; C--240A Plate 60 Magnolia virginiana L. [Sweetbay] 3; S--711 MALVACEAE Hibiscus grand
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