A True and Historical Narrative of the Colony of Georgia in America

From 1741 A True and Historical Narrative edited by Amy IN the Year 1732, His Majesty was pleased to erect by ROYAL CHARTER into a separate Province, distinct from South-Carolina, that Space of Land lying between the Rivers Savannah and Alatamaha [Altamaha?], under the Name of GEORGIA. AS this Gracious Charter is the Basis of all the Transactions relating to this Province, which have so much amused and perplexed the World, and which our Endeavor is to set in a true Light; we cannot dispense with inserting the Charter at large, which we are confident, for many Reasons, will be acceptable to the Reader: ...THE gracious Purposes and ample Privileges contained in the foregoing CHARTER are so obvious to every Reader that we need only say they were suitable to a most generous and humane British Monarch; and had the Settlement of the Colony of Georgia been carried on conformable thereto and no other Restrictions or Reservations made than what are therein mentioned, then the Colony would be flourishing right now, answerable to all those glorious Ends that were proposed and expected from it: But on the Contrary, Laws and Restrictions being made such as were never heard of in any British Settlement, the Colony is brought to the present melancholy Situation. But we shall say no more at present on this Head than what Mr. Oglethorpe said in Parliament relating to the Charitable Corporation, in other words. * The better the Design was, the more those deserve to be punished who have disappointed the Public of Reaping the Benefits that might have accrued from it. *Vide Lond. Mag. p. 379.

From 1741 A True and Historical Narrative edited by Amy INHABITANTS of all sorts except Roman Catholics, from all Parts of the World, were invited to possess this promised Land; and large Sums of Money from the Parliament as well as Contributions from private and public Charity were collected; the County was laid out as an Earthly Paradise; the Soil far surpassing that of England; the Air healthy, always serene, pleasant and temperate, never subject to excessive Heat or Cold, nor to sudden Changes. It appeared this colony couldn’t possibly fail due to its natural resources and English support IT was particularly set forth, and with a Show of Reason enough, that this proposed Settlement could not fail of succeeding when the Nation was so bountiful, the King so Gracious, the Trustees so disinterested and honorable, who had, for the Benefit of Mankind, given up that Ease and Indolence to which they were entitled by their Fortunes and the too prevalent Custom of their Native Country; and withal, being able, by seeing the Mistakes and Failures of other Colonies, both to avoid and (Vide a Pamphlet, entitled, A new and accurate Account of the Provinces of South-Carolina and Georgia) rectify them; and lastly, the universal Report of Mr. Oglethorpe's matchless Humanity and Generosity, who was to Conduct the first Embarkation, and who was, in all Appearance, to undergo the greatest Hardships, without any other View than to help the Distressed; and despising Interest or Riches, was to venture his Life, his All, in establishing the intended Settlement. Glorious Presages of the future Happiness of that Colony! Irresistible Temptations to those whose Genius or Circumstances led them to leave their Native Country! No wonder so many people gave up their livelihood to come here NO Wonder then that great Numbers of poor Subjects who lay under a Cloud of Misfortunes embraced the Opportunity to again taste Liberty and Happiness; that Jews, attracted by the Temptation of Inheritances, flocked over; that Germans, oppressed and dissatisfied at Home, willingly joined in the Adventure, some as Settlers, and others as Servants to the Trustees; and lastly, that great Numbers of Gentlemen of some Stock and Fortune willingly expended Part of the same in purchasing Servants, Tools, Commodities and other Necessaries to entitle them to such respective Proportions of Land as the Trustees had thought proper to determine, and such Liberties and Properties as they had Reason to expect from his Majesty's most gracious Charter: But they were disappointed right off when the charter was bypassed But how much they were all disappointed, the Sequel will show. The First Thing that was done, was bypass the Rights and Titles given by his Majesty and make many other various Restrictions, Services and Conditions, impossible for any human Person to perform; a few of which we shall here enumerate: New restrictions on land In the first Place, there was an excessive Quit-Rent laid upon the Land, being a great Deal more than his Majesty's Subjects in the other British Colonies pay, in other words. Twenty Shillings Sterling for every Hundred Acres to be paid yearly; and if it or any Part thereof should be behind and unpaid by the Space of six Calendar Months after any Day of Payment on which the same became due, then the Land was forfeited and returned to the Trustees; as it likewise did upon Failure in any of the following Conditions, namely: • One Thousand Mulberry Trees always to be growing on every Hundred Acres • No Partnership or Company to be entered into for making Pot-Ash • Not to assign or transfer the Land, or any Part or Parcel thereof, or any Estate or Interest in the same, for any Term of Years • Not to hire, keep, lodge, board or employ, within the Limits of the Province, any Black or Negro • If the Person holding Land should die without Issue Male, or his Heirs at any Time should die without Issue Male, in that Case likewise, the whole Land was forfeited and reverted to the Trustees; • And if any Part or Parcel of any of the Five Hundred Acre Tracts, should remain not cultivated, cleared, planted and improved after the Space of Eighteen Years, such Part to return to the Trustees. Trustees’ explanation for restrictions These were the chief Restrictions in all the Grants of Lands, which appeared very hard even to Strangers who had not yet felt them and were ignorant of the Climate and Nature of the Place; but when anyone complained of the Hardships of these restrictions, to pacify the Matter, the responses given were: • Negroes were entirely useless and unprofitable, • Wine, Silk, Olives, Gardens and Manufactures for Women and Children were the intended Improvements of the Colony; • The Restrictions of the Rights of Lands were only temporary to prevent the Bartering or Selling them by the unthinking People at an Undervalue • And concerning the lack of Male Issue, it was asserted that the Trustees being duly petitioned would grant Continuation of the Land to the eldest Daughter, if any, &c. upon their good *Behavior. *How precarious must this Security be to such unfortunate Person, when their Behavior must be judged by written documentation and hearsay? • That the Laws of England and the Administration of Justice in the most impartial Manner and most adapted to the Nature of a Free British Government should be ever secured to the Inhabitants.

[Included in 1741 A True and Historical Narrative of the Colony of Geogia] THE Mind of Man is Naturally curious and enterprising; we easily feed our Wishes into Realities, and affect and look upon every Novelty in the most favorable Light; how easy then is it for Cunning and Artifice to latch on to the weak Sides of our Fellow-Creatures, as we catch Fish with a Hook baited to their particular Gout? TO prove this Charge, we shall only transcribe some Passages from a Piece of Prose and some from a Piece of Poesie; by which Specimens the Reader may judge of some considerable Number which were dispersed and vended of the same Stamp. THE First are from a Pamphlet printed at London, 1733, entitled, A new and accurate Account of the Provinces of South Carolina and Georgia. The Author has not thought fit to favor us with his Name; but it is easy to conceive that we, who suspected no Artifice or Design, would conclude that it came from the best Authority, from the Circumstances of its being dispersed publicly and not being contradicted, and from the Author's intimate Acquaintance (at least so pretended) with all the Trustees’ Measures and Designs. After a high Encomium upon the Trustees, Page 7, he says, “The Air of Georgia healthy, being always serene and pleasant, never subject to excessive Heat or Cold or sudden Changes of Weather; the Winter is regular and short, and the Summer cooled with refreshing Breezes; it neither feels the cutting Northwest Wind that the Virginians complain of, nor the intense Heats of Spain, Barbary, Italy and Egypt. The soil will produce anything with very little Culture.” — Page 19, All sorts of Corn yield an amazing Increase; One Hundred fold is the common Estimate; though their Husbandry is so slight that they can only be said to scratch the Earth and neatly cover the Seed: All the best sort of Cattle and Fowls are multiplied without Number, and therefore without a Price: Vines are Natives here.” — Page 21, “The Woods near Savannah are not hard to be cleared; many of them have no Under-Wood, and the Trees do not stand generally thick on the Ground, but at considerable Distances asunder: When you fall the Timber for Use, or to make Tar, the Root will rot in four or five Years; and in the meantime you may Pasture the Ground; but if you would only destroy the Timber, it's done by half a Dozen Strokes of an Ax surrounding each Tree a little above the Root, in a Year or two the Water getting into the Wound rots the Timber, and a brisk Gust of Wind fells many Acres for you in an Hour, of which you may make one bright Bonfire. Such will be frequently here the Fate of the Pine, the Walnut, the Cypress, the Oak and the Cedar.” Such an Air and Soil can only be described by a Poetical Pen because there is no Danger of exceeding the Truth; therefore, take WALLER'S Description of an island in the Neighborhood of CAROLINA to give you an Idea of this happy Climate: “The Spring which but salutes us here Inhabits there and courts them all the Year. Ripe Fruits and Blossoms on the same Tree live; At once they promise what at once they give. So sweet the Air, so moderate the Clime, None sickly lives or dies before his Time; Heav'n sure has kept this Spot of Earth uncursed.” To show how all Things were created first. Page 27, “The Indians bring many a Mile the whole Deer's Flesh, which they sell to the People who live in the Country for the Value of Six-pence Sterling; and a Wild Turkey of Forty Pound weight for the Value of Two-pence.” —In Page 32, the Author when recommending the Georgia Adventure to Gentlemen of decayed Circumstances who must labor at Home or do worse states the following Objection: “If such People can't get Bread here for their Labor, how will their Condition be mended in Georgia?” Which he solves in the following Manner: “The Answer is easy; Part of it is well attested and Part self-evident; they have Land there for Nothing, and that Land so fertile, that as is said before, they receive a Hundred fold Increase for taking very little Pains. Give here in England ten Acres of good Land to one of those helpless Persons, and I doubt not his Ability to make it sustain him, and by his own Culture, without leasing it to another; but the Difference between no Rent and rack'd Rent, is the Difference between Eating and Starving.” — Page 32, “These Trustees not only give Land to the Unhappy who go there, but are also empowered to receive the voluntary Contributions of charitable Persons to furnish the poor Adventurers with all Necessaries for the Expense of their Voyage, occupying the Land, and supporting them till they find themselves comfortably settled; so that now the Unfortunate will not be obliged to bind themselves to a long Servitude to pay for their Passage; for they may be carried gratis into a Land of Liberty and Plenty, where they immediately find themselves in the Possession of a competent Estate, in a happier Climate than they knew before, and they are unfortunate indeed if here they cannot forget their Sorrows.” — Nay, as if such Assertions as these were not powerful enough to influence poor People, Calculations are attached to demonstrate that a Family consisting of one poor Man, his Wife, and Child of seven Years old may in Georgia earn sixty Pounds Sterling per Annum, and this abstracted from Silk, Wine, &c — Page 41, “Now this very Family in Georgia, by raising Rice and Corn sufficient for its Occasions, and by attending the Care of their Cattle and Land (which almost everyone is able to do in some tolerable Degree for himself) will easily produce in gross Value the Sum of sixty Pounds Sterling per Annum; nor is this to be wondered at, because of the valuable Assistance it has from a fertile Soil and a Stock given gratis; which must always be remembered in this Calculation. The Calculation of One Hundred such Families when formally extended, stands thus, —Page 43, In London One Hundred poor Men earn 500 00 0 One Hundred Woman and One Hundred Children, 500 00 0 Total 1000 00 0 In Georgia a Hundred Families earn, One Hundred Men for Labor, 1200 00 0 Ditto for Care of their Stock at leisure Hours, 1200 00 0 One Hundred Woman and One Hundred Children, 2400 00 0 Land and Stock in ‘themselves, 1200 00 0 Total 6000 00 0

From 1741 A True and Historical Narrative edited by Amy SECONDLY, He prohibited the Importation of Rum under Pretense that it was destructive to the Constitution and an Incentive to Debauchery and Idleness: However specious these Pretenses might seem, a little Experience soon convinced us that this Restriction was directly opposite to the Well-being of the Colony: For in the first Place, we were cut off from the most immediate and probable Way of exporting our Timber (the only poor Prospect of Export that we could ever flatter ourselves with) to the Sugar Islands, Rum being the principal Return they make: In the second Place, the Experience of all the Inhabitants of America will prove the Necessity of Qualifying Water with some Spirit, (and it is very certain, that no Province in America yields Water that such a Qualification is more necessary to than Carolina and Georgia) and the Usefulness of this Experiment has been sufficiently evident to all the Inhabitants of Georgia who could procure it and use it with Moderation: A third Reason which made this Restriction very hurtful to the Colony, was That though the Laws were in force against it, (which gave the Magistrates power to lay Hardships upon every Person they might resent) yet great Quantities were imported (mainly from Carolina and New England, who would take Money only) only with this Difference, that in Place of Barter or Exchange, the Ready Money was drained from the Inhabitants: And likewise, as it is the Nature of Mankind in general and of the common Sort in particular, more eagerly to desire and more immoderately to use those Things which are most restrained from them; such was the Case with respect to Rum in Georgia. THE THIRD Thing he did, was regularly to set out to each Free-holder in Savannah Lots of Fifty Acres, in three distinct Divisions: 1. 1/8 of an Acre for a House and Garden in the Town 2. 4-7/8 Acres at a small Distance from Town 3. 45 Acres at a considerable Remove from Town. No regard was had to the Quality of the Ground in the Divisions, so that some were altogether Pine Barren and some Swamp and Morass far surpassing the Strength and Ability of the Planter: And indeed, what could be done with such small Parcels of Land separate from one another: These Lots were likewise shaped in long pointed Triangles, which considerably increased the Extent of enclosure and rendered much of each Lot entirely useless. But these and many other Hardships were scarcely felt by the few People that came there while Mr. Oglethorpe stayed, which was about Fifteen Months: They worked hard indeed in Building some Houses in Town; but back then, they labored together, assisted by Negroes from Carolina who did the heaviest Work.

[From A True and Historical Narrative of the Colony of Georgia, edited by Amy] THE First of February, 1733, Mr. Oglethorpe arrived at Georgia with the first Embarkation consisting of Forty Families, making upwards of One Hundred Persons, all brought over and supported at the Public Charge. The First Thing he did after he arrived in Georgia was to make a kind of solemn Treaty with a Parcel of fugitive Indians who had been formerly banished from their own Nation for some Crimes and Misdemeanors they had committed, and who had some Months before this got Liberty from the Governor of South-Carolina to settle there. [†They built a small Number of Huts on a Bluff called Yamacraw. Savannah now stands on the same Bluff. †] Some of these he afterwards carried Home with him under the Title of Kings, &c. and all of them have been ever since maintained at the Public Charge at vast Expense when many poor Christians were starving in the Colony for lack of Bread; and we may safely affirm, (and appeal to the Store-Books for the Truth of it) that a larger Sum of Money has been expended for the Support of those useless Vagrants than ever was laid out for the Encouragement of Silk, Wine, or any other Manufacture in the Colony.

[THE First of February, 1733, Mr. Oglethorpe arrived at Georgia with the first Embarkation consisting of Forty Families, making upwards of One Hundred Persons, all brought over and supported at the Public Charge. (From A True and Historical Narrative of the Colony of Georgia, edited by Amy)] [Oglethorpe and the settlers land on the site of present-day Savannah. They meet John and Mary Musgrove, who trade with nearby Indians Georgia celebrates February 12 as her founding because of the adoption of the Gregorian Calendar in 1752. (OurGeorgiaHistory.com)] From 1741 AN ACCOUNT, SHEWING THE PROGRESS OF THE COLONY OF GEORGIA IN AMERICA, FROM IT'S FIRST ESTABLISHMENT. [Edited for readability by Amy] ...The whole People arrived here on the 1st of February; at Night their Tents were got up. Till the 10th we were taken up in unloading, and making a Crane, which I then could not get finished, so took off the Hands and set some to the Fortification and began to fell the Woods. I have marked out the Town and Common, half of the former is already cleared, and the first House was begun Yesterday in the afternoon. A little Indian Nation, the only one within fifty Miles, is not only in Amity, but desirous to be Subjects to his Majesty King George, to have Lands given them among us, and to breed their Children at our Schools; their Chief [Tomochichi], and his beloved Man, who is the Second Man in the Nation, desire to be instructed in the Christian Religion. (1733-2-10 OGLETHORPE LETTER TO TRUSTEES)

[THE First of February, 1733, Mr. Oglethorpe arrived at Georgia with the first Embarkation consisting of Forty Families, making upwards of One Hundred Persons, all brought over and supported at the Public Charge. (From A True and Historical Narrative of the Colony of Georgia, edited by Amy)]

[Oglethorpe returns to Charleston to thank the colony for its kindness (OurGeorgiaHistory.com)] [Gen. Oglethorpe's Speech before the Assembly of South Carolina, June 9, 1733. On Saturday 9th of June, 1733 James Oglethorpe, Esqr. made a very handsome speech to the Hon. Commons House of Assembly, returning them thanks for the encouragement they gave to the settling of Georgia. It is as follows:— (1741 A True and Historical Narrative)] 1733 Oglethorpe leaves Georgia in South Carolina’s care. Here is a breakdown of his speech, followed by a transcript of it. 1. He thanked them for giving assistance to the colony of Georgia. 2. He sensed a universal zeal among the South Carolinians in their generosity, which is appreciated by the Trustees, the Georgians, and the distressed people of Britain who now have a refuge to go to. 3. Their generosity will pay off in the form of more security against the danger they have fought from the French, Spanish, and Indians. 4. Their generosity will also pay off in increase property values, tax revenue, and English dominion. 5. He must return to Europe, and asked them to continue to aid the new colony. Speech of James Oglethorpe, before the Provincial Legislature of South Carolina. I should think myself very much wanting in justice and gratitude, if I should neglect thanking your Excellency, you Gentlemen 14 of the Councel, and you Gentlemen of the Assembly, for the assistance you have give to the Colony of Georgia. I have long wished for an opportunity of expressing my sense of the universal zeal, which the inhabitants of this Province have shewn for assisting that Colony; and could not think of any better opportunity, than now the whole Province is virtually present in its General Assembly. I am, therefore, Gentlemen, to thank you for the handsome assistance given by private people, as well as by the public. I am to thank you, not only in the name of the Trustees, and the little Colony now in Georgia; but in behalf of all the distressed people of Britain and persecuted Protestants of Europe, to whom a place of Refuge will be secured by this first attempt. Your charitable and generous proceeding, besides the self-satisfaction which always attends such actions, will be of the greatest advantage to this Province. You, Gentlemen, are the best judges of this; since, most of you have been personal witnesses of the dangerous blows this country has escaped from French, Spanish, and Indian arms. Many of you know this by experience, having signalized yourselves personally; either, when this Province by its own strength, and unassisted by every thing but the courage of its inhabitants, and the providence of God, repulsed the formidable invasions of the French; or, when it defeated the whole body of the southern Indians, who were armed against it, and invaded the Spaniards, who assisted them. You, Gentlemen, know there was a time, when, every day brought fresh advices of murders, ravages, and burnings; when, no profession or calling was exempted from arms; when, every inhabitant of the Province was obliged to leave their wives, their families, their useful occupations, and undergo all the fatigues of war, for the necessary defence of the country; and, all their endeavors scarcely sufficient to defend the western and southern frontiers against the Indians. It would be needless for me to tell you, who are much better judges, how the increasing settlements of the new Colony upon the Southern frontiers, will prevent the like danger for the future. Nor need I tell you, how much every plantation will increase in value, by the safety of the Province's being increased, since the Lands to the southward already sell for above double what they did when the new Colony first arrived. Nor need I mention the great lessening of the burthen of the people, by the increasing of the income of the Tax, from the many hundred thousand acres of land, either taken or taking up on the prospect of future security. The assistance the Assembly have given, tho' not quite equal to the occasion, is very large, with respect to the present circumstances 15 of the Province; and, as such, shews you to be kind benefactors to your new-come countrymen, whose settlements you support; and dutiful subjects to his Majesty, whose revenues and dominions, you by that means increase and strengthen. As I shall soon return to Europe, I must recommend the infant Colony to your farther protection; being assured, both from your generosity and wisdom, that you will in case of any danger and necessity, give them the utmost support and assistance. (Georgia Trustees 1733)

From 1741 A True and Historical Narrative edited by Amy Parliament, who Yearly repeated their Bounty, would compensate our Damages: But alas! their Bounty was applied in Georgia to the Hurt rather than Benefit of the Colony, as we shall here briefly relate. Some of the subsidy was wasted on an unfinished lighthouse First, a Light-House was started; but before the Frame was erected it was almost half rotten, and has not been carried on any farther, nor never even covered, which has likewise greatly contributed to its decay; and now that lofty structure, so highly useful to Vessels which make that Coast, is either fallen or must fall very soon. Some of the subsidy was wasted on barbaric jails Logg-Houses and Prisons of various sorts, were built and erased successively, and most of them were more fit for Dungeons in the Spanish Inquisition than British Goals. Irons, Whipping-Posts, * Gibbets &c. were provided to keep the Inhabitants in perpetual Terror; for Innocence was no Protection: And for some Time there were more Imprisonments, Whippings, &c. of white People in that Colony of Liberty than in all British America. Some of the subsidy was wasted on public structures that never actually served the public Corn-Mills, Saw-Mills, Public Roads, Trustees Plantations, (as they were called) Wells and Forts in different Places were all started, but as is evident from the Event, with no Design to serve the Public, but only to amuse the World and maintain some Creatures who assisted in keeping their Neighbors in subjection; for few or none of these Things were ever brought to Perfection; some of them were left off half finished, and of those that were finished, some were erased (being found of no Service,) and others fell on their own for lack of proper Care. Some of the subsidy was wasted on the failed Mulberry and Vine nursery To carry on the Manufactures of Silk and Wine, a Garden was planted with Mulberries and Vines which was to be a Nursery to supply the Rest of the Province: But this was as far from answering the proposed End as everything else was; for it is situated upon one of the most barren Spots of land in the Colony, being only a large Hill of dry Sand: Great Sums of Money* were thrown away upon it from Year to Year to no Purpose: This was Remonstrated to the Trustees; and they seemed to be sensible of the Error and gave Orders to choose another Spot of Ground; but the Ruling Powers in Georgia took no Notice thereof. And now, after so great Time and cost, there are less Mulberry-Trees in all the Province of Georgia than one of Carolina Planters have upon their Plantations; nor as much Silk made there in one Year as many of those Planters do make: Nor could they ever in that Garden, raise one Vine to the Perfection of bearing Fruit. (*It was a very usual Thing with General Oglethorpe when any Persona had incurred his Displeasure to threaten to hang them.) And here it may be observed That the Silk Mr. O—pe carried over for a gift to Queen CAROLINE, was most, if not all, made in Carolina. Though no proper Measures were ever taken for advancing the Silk and Wine Manufactures, still private Persons made several attempts to grow European Grapes; but even those Attempts got no suitable Encouragement from Mr. Oglethorpe, as will appear from the following Fact: De Leon’s vineyard proposal Abraham De Leon, a Jewish Free-holder in Savannah who had been many Years a Vineron in Portugal, cultivated several kinds of Grapes in his Garden, including the Porto and Malaga to great Perfection; of this he sent Home an attested Account to the Board of Trustees, proposing That if they would lend him, with collateral, Two Hundred Pounds Sterling for three Years without Interest, that he would employ the said Sum with a further Stock of his own in sending to Portugal and bringing over Vines and Vinerons; and that he should be bound to repay the Money in three Years, and to have growing within the Colony Forty Thousand such Vines, which he would furnish the Free-holders with at moderate Rates. Oglethorpe spent the vineyard money on other things THE Trustees were satisfied with the Security and accepted the Proposal, and wrote him that they had remitted the Two Hundred Pounds by Mr. Oglethorpe for his Use; which he did not deny when De Leon asked for it, but said, that he could not advance more than Twenty or Thirty Pounds because he had other Uses for the Money; and so that plan was dropped.

From 1741 A True and Historical Narrative edited by Amy But Mr. Oglethorpe’s return to England†, greatly increased the growing Fame of the Colony, such that as it has been before observed, People in Abundance from all Parts of the World flocked to Georgia. Then they began to consider and endeavor everyone according to his Genius or Abilities, how they might best subsist themselves. Some, with great Labor and Expense tried making tar. (This, as 'tis well known to the Trustees, never covered Costs.) Others tried to make plank and saw Boards; which, by the great Price they were obliged to sell them at, by Reason of the great Expense of white Servants, was the chief Means of ruining those who thought to procure a Living by their Buildings in Town; for Boards of all kinds could always be bought in Carolina for half the Price that they were able to sell them at; but a few were able to commission boards from there, and those who were doing that were prevented from doing it upon Pretense of discouraging the Labor of white People in Georgia. (†Before he departed, a Vessel with about twenty Families of Jews arrived, all of whom had Lots assigned them; and likewise a Vessel with forty transported Irish Convicts whom he purchased despite their being at Jamaica, and who afterwards caused constant Disturbances in the Colony.) (* Mr. Causton, the Trustees Store keeper, mostly at their Charge, made a Tarr Kiln, which turned out to no Advantage.) Those who had Numbers of Servants and Tracts of Land in the County started Planting Corn, Peas, Potatoes, &c. and the cost of these who succeeded the best so far exceeded the Value of the Produce that it would have saved three fourths to have bought all from the Carolina Market. The Falling of Timber was a Task very unequal to the Strength and Constitution of white Servants; and hoeing the Ground, they being exposed to the sultry Heat of the Sun, insupportable; and it is well known, that this Labor is one of the hardest upon the Negroes, even though their Constitutions are much stronger than white People, and the Heat no Way disagreeable nor hurtful to them; but in us it created inflammatory Fevers of various kinds, both continued and intermittent; wasting and tormenting Fluxes, most excruciating Colicks, and Dry-Belly-Aches; Tremors, Vertigoes, Palsies, and a long Train of painful and lingering nervous Distempers; which brought on to many a Cessation both from Work and Life; especially as Water without any Qualification was the chief Drink and Salt Meat the only Provisions that could be had or afforded: And so common were these Disorders that during the hot Season, which lasts from March to October, hardly one Half of the Servants and working People were ever able to do their Masters or themselves the least Service; and the Yearly Sickness of each Servant, generally speaking, cost his Master as much as would have maintained a Negro for four Years. These Things were represented to the Trustees in the Summer 1735, in a Petition for the Use of Negroes, signed by about Seventeen of the better Sort of People in Savannah: In this Petition there was also set forth the great Disproportion between the Maintenance and Clothing of white Servants and Negroes. This Petition was carried to England and presented to the Trustees by Mr. Hugh Stirling, an experienced Planter in the Colony; but no Regard was had to it, or to what he could say, and great Resentment was even shown to Mr. Thompson, the Master of the Vessel in which it went. WHILE we labored under those Difficulties in supporting ourselves, our Civil Liberties received a more terrible Shock: For, instead of such a free Government as we had Reason to expect, and of being judged by the Laws of our Mother Country, a Dictator (*Mr. Thomas Causton) under the Title of Bailiff and Store-keeper was appointed and left by Mr. Oglethorpe at his Departure in April, 1734 whose Will and Pleasure were the only Laws in Georgia: In Regard to this Magistrate, the others were entirely nominal and in a Manner but Cyphers: Sometimes he publicly asked their Opinion simply to show his Power by contradicting them. He often threatened Juries, and especially when their Verdicts did not agree with his Inclination or Humor. And in order to more fully establish his absolute Authority, the Store and Disposal of the Provisions, Money and public Places of Trust were committed to him; by which Alteration in his State and Circumstances he became in a Manner infatuated, being before that a Person of no Substance or Character, having come over with Mr. Oglethorpe amongst the first Forty, and left England upon account of something committed by him concerning his Majesty's Duties: However, he was fit enough for a great many Purposes, being a Person naturally proud, covetous, cunning and deceitful, and would bring his Designs about by all possible Ways and Means. AS his Power increased, so did his Pride, Haughtiness and Cruelty; insomuch that he made eight Free-holders and an Officer guard the Door of the Court every Day it was in session, with their Guns and Bayonets, and he commanded them to Rest their Firelocks as soon as he appeared; which made People somewhat afraid to speak their Minds, or Juries to act as their Consciences directed them. He was seldom or never uncovered on the Bench, not even when an Oath was administered; and being perfectly intoxicated with Power and Pride, he threatened every Person without Distinction, Rich and Poor, Strangers and Inhabitants, who in the least opposed his arbitrary Proceedings or claimed their just Rights and Privileges, with the Stocks, Whipping-Post and Log-House, and many Times put those Threats in Execution; so that the Georgia Stocks, Whipping-Post and Logg-House, soon were famous in Carolina and everywhere else in America where the Name of the Province was known, and the very Thoughts of coming to the Colony became a Terror to People's Minds. And now the Province of Carolina, who had in private and public Donations given us upwards of 1300 l. Sterling, seeing these Things and how the Public Money was thrown away, began to despise the Colony, and out of a Regard to the Welfare of their Fellow-Creatures, persuaded every Body they could from settling in it.

[From 1741 A True and Historical Narrative, edited by Amy] The Trustees sent a promising replacement, but Causton denied him food from the store That this absolute Power might be exercised without the least Interruption, the other Magistrates were unable to oppose it: It's true, in December 1734, Mr. Causton met with a little Interruption; for the Trustees then sent over to Savannah one Mr. Gordon as Chief Magistrate, who being a Person of a very winning Behavior, affable and fluent in Speech, soon got the Good-Will of everybody and a great many of the People laid their Grievances and Hardships open to him, which seemed a little to eclipse Mr. Causton; but he soon found out an Expedient to remove this Adversary by refusing him Provisions from the Store, which quickly rendered him unable to support himself and Family, whereby he was obliged after about six Weeks to leave the Place so he could, as he said, represent our Grievances to the Trustees, and soon after returned to London; but he did not perform his Promise, for what Reason we sha'n't pretend to determine; and some Time thereafter he either resigned or was dismissed from his Office of First Bailiff, and Mr. Causton was appointed in his Stead. The 3rd bailiff was a puppet and a drunk As to Mr. Henry Parker, who was appointed Third Bailiff when Mr. Gordon came over, he was, in the first Place, a Man who had nothing to support himself and large Family but his Day-Labor, which was Sawing, and consequently as soon as his Time was otherwise employed, he must be entirely dependent on the Store for his Subsistence: In the second Place, he was a Man of no Education; so that Mr. Causton soon molded him to his own liking and infused into him what Notions he pleased: Thirdly, he was and is an absolute Slave to Liquor, and he who plies him most with it (which Causton always took Care to do, and whose Example has been since followed by his Successor Jones) has him, right or wrong, on his Side. Other magistrates were never strong enough to oppose Causton’s arbitrary rulings As to Mr. Christie the Recorder, he was easily over-ruled by the other two; and the same Practice was always continued; for he who was appointed Third Bailiff after Gordon's Dismissal or Resignation was one Darn, nearly Seventy Years of Age, crazed both in Body and Mind, who died not long after his Appointment; and his Successor R. Gilbert, could neither read nor write; so that Causton had never after Gordon's Departure, any Opposition made by the other Magistrates to his arbitrary Proceedings. If we should allow ourselves to enter into a Detail of the particular Instances of such Proceedings, we should exceed much our proposed Bounds: We shall therefore confine ourselves to two only, which may serve as a Specimen of the many others. One example of Causton’s bad sentencing: Watson gets jailed for three years ONE is, that of Capt. Joseph Watson: This Person having incurred Mr. Causton's Displeasure was indicted for stirring up Animosities in the Minds of the Indians, &c. tending to the Ruin and Subversion of the Colony. At his Trial, the Jury’s verdict found him only guilty of some unguarded Expressions, (although twice returned and hectored by Mr. Causton, who acted both as Witness and Judge in the Matter) and verbally recommended him by their Foreman to the Mercy of the Court, imagining or supposing he might be Lunatic; (however, as it afterwards appeared, it was represented to the Trustees that the Jury found him guilty of Lunacy in their Verdict) whereupon he was immediately confined by Mr. Causton, (although sufficient Bail was offered) and kept Prisoner near three Years without any Sentence. But since we are informed that this Affair now lies before a proper Judicature, we shall say no more of it. Another example of Causton’s bad sentencing is benefactor Odingsell’s arrest and death: THE other Instance is that of Mr. Odingsell, who was an Inhabitant of Carolina and had been a great Benefactor to the infant Colony of Georgia, having given several Head of Cattle and other valuable Contributions towards the Promoting it. He came to Savannah to see how the Colony succeeded. After being there a few Days and having been out on his boat after dark, he was going to his Lodgings and was arrested in the Street as a Stroller, carried to the Guard-House, and threatened with the Stocks and Whipping-Post; the Terror and Fright of which (he being a mild and peaceable Man) threw him into a high Fever with a strong Delirium, crying out to every Person who came near him that they had come to carry him to the Whipping-Post; and after lying two or three Days in this distracted Condition, he was carried aboard his boat in order to be sent home, and died on the Way somewhere near Dawfuskee Sound. While England was amused with our freedom from lawyers, we suffered lawlessness THUS, while the Nation at Home was amused with the Fame of the Happiness and Flourishing of the Colony, and of it's being free from Lawyers of any kind, the poor miserable Settlers and Inhabitants were exposed to as arbitrary a Government as Turkey or Muscovy ever felt. Even looks were criminal, and the Grand Sin of withstanding or any way opposing Authority, (as it was called when any Person insisted upon his just Rights and Privileges) was punished without Mercy. We were wrong to think Parliament’s subsidy would compensate our production losses Nevertheless, we bore all these Things patiently, in full Hopes that the Trustees Eyes would soon be opened and then our Grievances be redressed, and still continued exhausting our Substance in pursuing an impracticable Scheme, namely, Cultivating Land to Advantage in such a Climate with white Servants only, trusting that Parliament, who Yearly repeated their Bounty, would compensate our Damages: But alas! their Bounty was applied in Georgia to the Hurt rather than Benefit of the Colony, as we shall here briefly relate.

1735 Petition for the Use of Negroes was ignored by the Trustees [From 1741 A True and Historical Narrative, edited by Amy] These Things were represented to the Trustees in the Summer 1735, in a Petition for the Use of Negroes, signed by about Seventeen of the better Sort of People in Savannah: In this Petition there was also set forth the great Disproportion between the Maintenance and Clothing of white Servants and Negroes. This Petition was carried to England and presented to the Trustees by Mr. Hugh Stirling, an experienced Planter in the Colony; but no Regard was had to it, or to what he could say, and great Resentment was even shown to Mr. Thompson, the Master of the Vessel in which it went.

[From 1741 A True and Historical Narrative, edited by Amy] IN February, 1735–6, Mr. Og—pe arrived in Georgia for the second Time with great Numbers of People in order to settle to the Southward, where he soon after carried them. Upon the Island of St. Simon’s he settled a Town which he called Frederica; and about five Miles from there towards the Sea, he placed the Independent Company which he removed from Port-Royal in Carolina, their former Station. On one of the Branches of the Alatamaha he settled the High-landers in a Village which was called Darien. Then he settled a Fort on Cumberland, which he named St. Andrews; and some Time after he caused a Garrison of about Fifty Men to be placed upon a Sandy Island (without fresh Water) in the Mouth of St. John's River, opposite to a Spanish Look-Out, where Possession was kept for about six Months, and several Fortifications built; but at last he was oblig'd to abandon it, after several People had lost their Lives by the Inconveniencies of the Place, besides great Sums of Money thrown away in vain. Meanwhile, Mr. Causton was not idle at Savannah; and one would have thought that he made it his particular Design further to exasperate the People of Carolina: He stopped their Boats who were going up to New-Windsor; and not content with that, he had them searched, and whatever Rum was found therein, was directly staved in Pursuance of an Act he alleged was entitled, An Act against the Importation of Rum into the Colony of Georgia.

[Included in 1741 A True and Historical Narrative of the Colony of Georgia] BUT we must conclude this Head, lest we tire the Reader. We shall now beg Leave to quote a few Poetical Accounts of this Paradise of the World, and of the Fatherly Care and Protection we might depend on from Mr. Oglethorpe. A Hundred Hackney Muses might be referenced, but we shall confine ourselves to the celebrated Performance of the Rev. Mr. Samuel Wesley, where we might well expect a sufficient Stock of Truth and Religion to counter-balance a Poetical License. Vide a Poem entitled, GEORGIA, and Verses upon Mr. Oglethorpe's second Voyage to Georgia. Printed London, 1736. ‘SEE where beyond the spacious Ocean lies ‘A wide waste Land beneath the Southern Skies; ‘Where kindly Suns for Ages rolled in vain, ‘Nor e'er the Vintage saw, or ripening Grain; ‘Where all Things into wild Luxuriance ran, ‘And Burdened Nature asked the Aid of Man. ‘In this sweet Climate and prolific Soil, ‘He bids the eager Swain indulge his Toil; ‘In free Possession to the Planter's Hand, ‘Consigns the rich uncultivated Land. ‘Go you, the Monarch cries, go settle there, ‘Whom Britain from her Plenitude can spare; ‘Go, your old wonted Industry pursue; ‘Nor envy Spain the Treasures of Peru. ‘— ‘But not content in Council here to join, ‘A further Labor Oglethorpe, is thine: ‘In each great Deed thou claimest the foremost Part, ‘And Toil and Danger charm thy generous Heart: ‘But chief for this thy warm Affections rise; ‘For oh! thou viewest it with a Parent's Eyes: ‘For this thou tempest the vast tremendous Main, ‘And Floods and Storms oppose their Threats in vain. ‘— ‘He comes, whose Life while absent from your View ‘Was one continued Ministry for you; ‘For you were laid out all his Pains and Art, ‘Won every Will and softened every Heart. ‘With what paternal Joy shall he relate ‘How views its Mother Isle your little State: ‘Think while he strove your distant Coast to gain ‘How oft he sighed and chid the tedious Main! ‘Impatient to survey, by Culture graced, ‘Your dreary Woodland and your rugged Waste. ‘Fair were the Scenes he feigned, the Prospects fair; ‘And sure, ye Georgians, all he feigned was their. ‘A Thousand Pleasures crowd into his Breast; ‘But one, one mighty Thought absorbs the rest, ‘And gives me Heaven to see, the Patriot cries, ‘Another Britain in the Desert rise. ‘—Again, ‘With nobler Products see thy Georgia teems, ‘Cheered with the genial Sun's director Beams; ‘There the wild Vine to Culture learns to yield, ‘And purple Clusters ripen through the Field. ‘Now bid thy Merchants bring thy Wine no more ‘Or from the Iberian or the Tuscan Shore: ‘No more they need the Hungarian Vineyards drain, ‘And France herself may drink her best Champaign. ‘Behold! at last, and in a subject Land, ‘Nectar sufficient for thy large Demand; ‘Delicious Nectar, powerful to improve ‘Our hospitable Mirth and social Love: ‘This for thy jovial Sons. —Nor less the Care ‘Of thy young Province, to oblige the Fair; ‘Here tend the Silk Worm In the verdant Shade, ‘The frugal Matron and the blooming Maid. FROM the Whole, we doubt not, the Reader will look upon us as sufficiently punished for our Credulity: And indeed, who would not have been caught with such Promises, such Prospects? What might not the Poor Man flatter himself with from such a change in his Situation? And how much more might a Gentleman expect from a plentiful Stock of his own and Numbers of Servants to set up with? Could a Person with the least Faith have questioned Committing his Interests to such Guardians and such a tender Father as Mr. Oglethorpe was believed to be?

[From 1741 A True and Historical Narrative, edited by Amy] To complain of this and to represent the bad State of the Indian Trade, a Committee from the Assembly of South-Carolina, arrived at Savannah in July 1736, where Mr. Og—pe then was: But their coming was of little Consequence; for after this the Differences and Animosities between the two Provinces increased rather than diminished; and we shall only observe that one Thing is certain, that ever since Mr. Ogle—pe intermeddled in the Indian Trade, it has decayed steadily, and at this Time is almost entirely useless to either Province. Georgians got a bad rap because of their bad governors THUS while the Province of Carolina resented the bad Treatment they had met with from the Leading Powers in Georgia against the Colony in general, the poor Georgia Inhabitants were doubly unfortunate, being looked down on by their nearest Neighbors and Friends for the Acts of their Governors, while they themselves were still the greatest Sufferers by those very Acts. Oglethorpe never listened to complaints WHILST Mr. O—pe stayed in Georgia, great Complaints were made against the arbitrary Proceedings of Mr. Causton; but to no Purpose: Likewise, several people tried to show the Impossibility of the Colony's succeeding, according to its then present Constitution: But if this was done in person, he either always Brow-beat the Person or evaded the Discourse; if it was done by writing letters, he never answered them; even though he had given public Orders that every Person should submit their Grievances and Complaints to him in Writing, and that he would consider and answer the same. Causton told us we had no rights and owned nothing, and quoted Oglethorpe that the lighthouse can fall apart So that we won’t be entirely ignorant of his Thoughts, Mr. Causton, who always spoke his mind, publicly declared That we [inhabitants] had no Lands, no Rights, and no Possessions. He said that the Trustees gave and the Trustees could freely take away: And again, when he was told that the Lighthouse needed a few Spike-Nails to fasten some of its Braces which were loose and which might allow the Downfall of the whole structure; he answered That he would say as Mr. Oglethorpe said, “It might fall and be d—d.”

[From 1741 A True and Historical Narrative, edited by Amy] Mr. Oglethorpe stayed in Georgia until November 1736, most of which Time he spent in the southern part of the colony, and then embarked for England, leaving Mr. Causton with the same Authority he had formerly invested him with and in the same Power he then exercised, and the Colony under the same Difficulties and Hardships.

[From 1741 A True and Historical Narrative, edited by Amy] Reverend Wesley came along and trained the lazy to get food at church rather than work for it AND Now to make our Subjection even more complete, a new kind of Tyranny was this Summer begun to be imposed upon us. Mr. John Wesley [Wesley?] who had come over and was received by us as a Clergyman of the Church of England, soon discovered that his Aim was to enslave our Minds as a necessary Preparative for enslaving our Bodies. He promoted attendance to Prayers, Meetings and Sermons so frequently and during hours necessary for Labor, especially in an infant Colony, that it produced a Spirit of Indolence and Hypocrisy amongst the most abandoned. It was much easier for such People to show a religious zeal and Adherence to Mr. Wesley's Novelties and be provided by his Procurement from the public Stores than to use that work ethic which true Religion recommends. The Reverend Gentleman Designs were obvious since he frequently declared That he never desired to see Georgia a Rich colony, But a *Religious one. (*according to his System) Wesley was so extreme we started viewing him as a Catholic Eventually, Wesley’s behaviors led everyone of any Consideration came to view him as a Roman Catholic. Wesley required dissenters to denounce their prior baptisms 1st, Under a passionate, strict Adherence to the Church of England, he unmercifully damned all Dissenters of any Denomination, who were never permitted to communicate with him unless they gave up their Faith and Principles entirely to his Molding and Direction, and in Confirmation thereof declared their Belief of the Invalidity of their former Baptism, and then to receive a new one from him: This was done publicly on the Persons of Richard Turner, Carpenter, and his Son. Another Instance was that of William Gaff, who had once communicated with Wesley and always conformed to his Regulations. However, Wesley eventually found out Gaff had been baptized by a Presbyterian Dissenter and proposed a do-over. When Mr. Gaff declined, he was excluded from Communion from then on. Wesley damned all dissenters but adored all Catholics 2nd, While all Dissenters (which there was a lot of in the Colony) were thus unmercifully damned and shut out from Religious Ordinances, contrary to that Spirit of Moderation and Tenderness which the Church of England showed towards them, Persons suspected to be Roman Catholics were received and caressed by him as his First-Rate Saints. Wesley tried to establish methods common to Catholics but against the Church of England 3rd, A third Confirmation of this Suspicion arose from his Endeavors to establish Confession, Penance, Mortifications, Mixing Wine with Water in the Sacrament, and Suppressing in the Administration of the Sacrament the Explanation attached to the Words of communicating by the Church of England to show that they Mean a Feeding on Christ by Faith, saying no more than “The Body of Christ; The Blood of Christ;” by Appointing Deaconesses, with sundry other Innovations, which he called Apostolic Constitutions. Wesley’s scheme looked like brainwashing for tyranny 4th, Remembering the strict Connection between Popery and Slavery, the most judicious of us thought Wesley’s fine Scheme seemed intended to debase and depress the Minds of the People, to break any Spirit of Liberty, and humble them with Fasting, Penances, Drinking of Water, and a thorough Subjection to his Spiritual Jurisdiction. Once this was accomplished, the Minds of People would be equally prepared to receive Civil or Ecclesiastical Tyranny. Wesley pried into people’s privacy and bred distrust in families All Jesuitical Arts were utilized to perfect Wesley’s well-concerted Scheme. Families were divided into Parties. Spies were engaged in many Houses. Wesley bribed and decoyed Servants to tell him the Secrets of the Families they belonged to. Those who had given themselves up to his Spiritual Guidance (more especially Women) were obliged to tell him their most secret Actions, Thoughts, and Dreams: He gave Charge to Juries and gave his Opinion in all Civil Causes that came before the Court. We could not imagine what would come of all this. Our complaints went nowhere, and Mr. Causton and Wesley went Hand-in-Hand. Wesley got jilted by Causton’s niece and rejected her from communion BUT the merciful Providence of GOD often disappoints those plans that are laid deepest in Human caution. Mr. Wesley rejected Mrs. Sophia Williamson, Niece to Mr. Causton, from the Sacrament. This young Lady’s Friends had put her under the Ghostly Care of Mr. Wesley, who repeatedly proposed Marriage to her. She always rejected those proposals, and soon contradicted Mr. Wesley altogether by marring Mr. William Williamson of Savannah. After that, Mr. Wesley used all Means to create a Misunderstanding between Mrs. Williamson and her Husband by persuading her that Mr. Williamson had no Right to regulate her Behavior regarding conversing with him or attending Meetings as she formerly did. Finally realizing he could gain Nothing upon her and that Mr. Williamson had forbidden him any Conversation with his Wife out of his Presence, he showed by resentment by rejecting her from Holy Communion. Wesley was indicted and the Grand Jury wrote the following representation to the Trustees Mr. Williamson felt well founded in an Action of Damages. Mr. WESLEY was no longer supported by Mr. Causton (who was highly nettled at the Affront put upon his Niece and could now rail against Spiritual Tyranny as fluently as anyone). Wesley was indicted before a GRAND JURY of 44 Free-holders. Thirteen Indictments were found against him: one concerned Mr. Williamson and his Spouse; the others concerned the Grievances we all felt by his Measures and the Exercise of his Ecclesiastical Functions. The latter were submitted to the Magistrates to present to the Trustees in hopes of being properly redressed, since we had no other Jurisdiction, either Civil or Ecclesiastical, that we could appeal to. The Grand Jury realized that a larger Number of qualified people were not likely to ever be legally met together again, so this was a good Time to represent their Grievances and Hardships to the Trustees. Which they did in the following Manner:

[From 1741 A True and Historical Narrative, edited by Amy] The following March, we were notified of the Spaniards’ Intentions to attack our Colony from Havannah [Havana]. This put the whole Province in great Consternation, especially the Town of Savannah, which had no Fort, Battery, or any other Place to shelter themselves in Case of an actual Attack. Therefore, they immediately started to build a Wooden Fort, and all sorts of People labored continually until it was somewhat finished. Only Mr. Causton never came to help. Instead, he did everything he could to slow us down, making light of the Information, even though it was sent Express by Commodore Dent with a Letter directed to the Commander in Chief of Georgia, and has since been completely verified that the Spaniards had Four Thousand Men on board and ready to sail, if an extraordinary Accident had not prevented * them. People now seeing the little Care that was likely to be taken in Case of a real Attack; and likewise finding, to their Cost, that the Improvement of Land was a vain and fruitless Labor with white Servants only, and with such Restrictions and precarious Titles, many began to withdraw and leave the Colony, and very little was planted this Season. *They were detained eight Days in Havannah by unfavorable Winds: (the Land-Forces staying on board all that time) at the End of which there came Orders from Old Spain to refrain from Hostilities because the Convention had then been agreed upon.

[From 1741 A True and Historical Narrative, edited by Amy] AT last Mr. Oglethorpe comes over for the third Time, in September, with the Remainder of his Regiment, the other Part having come with Col. Cochran in May:

[From 1741 A True and Historical Narrative, edited by Amy] The trustees ignored the Representation and Wesley left town THE Original of this was signed by all 44 grand jurors and sent Home. However, we never heard any sign that the Trustees took any notice of it. We hope it will appear evident to every judicious Reader that this Jury was neither bypassed nor intimidated by Causton to be Prejudiced of any Person whatsoever, as Mr. Wesley asserts in his Journal printed at Bristol, 1739. He likewise says there were a professed Atheist and Deist in the group, but for our Parts we know of neither. But a Man of Mr. Wesley's Principles, who makes no Scruple of writing willful Falsehoods (as may be seen by anyone who compares this Narrative with his Journal) and of damning every Person of a contrary Opinion with himself; may, without Hesitation, give People what Appellations come in his Head: However, this put an End to any further Prosecution of Mr. Wesley's Schemes because soon after this, he departed the Colony privately by Night and went to Charles-Town, and from there to England. Wesley negotiated retractions from several of the jury members, then didn’t fulfill his end Mr. Wesley had Address enough (as he says in his Journal) to persuade several members of the Grand Jury to sign a paper he drew up retracting their former Sentiments. He persuaded them by assuring them that his intentions back home were to represent the Grievances and Oppressions which the poor Colony labored under. Hearing that assurance, diverse private persons related to the colony gave him Letters and Papers, which he undertook faithfully to deliver. However, we have since learned that all Mr. Oglethorpe's Interest was employed to protect Mr. Wesley. It’s no wonder those Promises were never fulfilled, nor could it ever be determined whether he even delivered the private Letters he promised to deliver. Causton showed his hatred of the jury, but we were all the more patient and trusting of the Trustees ON the other Hand, Mr. Causton forever after bore a mortal Hatred to the Members of this Grand Jury and took every Opportunity to show his Resentment. We have no doubt he pressured three or four of them into a Recantation, having either terrified or starved them into Compliance: But we bore those Things all the more patiently, content that the Trustees were Gentlemen who had our Interest at Heart and would hear and redress our Grievances in due Time. We heard Oglethorpe was made General over Georgia and South Carolina forces We also trusted that Mr. O—pe might still be a Friend to the Colony; but finally, we heard He had procured a Regiment for its Defense, of which he was made Colonel. We also heard He was made General and Commander in Chief over all his Majesty's Forces in South-Carolina and Georgia. The Trustees sent a secretary to report actual circumstances, but Causton controlled him This News was confirmed by William Stephens, Esq. who was sent over as Trustees’ Secretary to represent the State and Condition of the Colony as it really was and assist and consult with the Magistrates. But Mr. Causton soon managed to bring that old Gentleman over to his Interest, or at least to acquiesce in everything he said or did; for he still had Command of the Cash and Stores, and Mr. Stephens had Nothing to live upon but his Salary, which Causton could stop the Payment of at will; so our Secretary remained passive until Causton's Government ended.

[From 1741 A True and Historical Narrative, edited by Amy] AT last Mr. Oglethorpe comes over for the third Time, in September, with the Remainder of his Regiment, the other Part having come with Col. Cochran in May: But alas! This Regiment was of no Service other than to strengthen us in Case of an Attack. We could neither furnish them in Clothes, Provisions, or a single Thing they wanted. And to put us out of all Hopes of Bettering our Condition, Mr. Oglethorpe was pleased to declare in the Court-House of Savannah, That as long as he had anything to do with the Colony, there should neither be Allowance of Negroes nor Alteration in the Titles of Land; and if any such Thing should happen, he would have no further Concern with it. Causton was thrown out and the store was closed The People thus seeing there was no Hope of Redress left the Colony daily. The Trustees’ Credit received a great Shock by them refusing Mr. Causton's certified Accounts and the Public Store going out of business. Many poor Wretches died of Hunger. Causton was turned out of all his Places and the Store was ordered to be sold to pay off the Trustees Debts. Thomas Jones, a Favorite of Mr. Oglethorpe, whose Character we shall have Occasion to give afterwards, was put in Causton’s place as Cash and Store-keeper, only with a different Title: “Magazine keeper.” No one except the Trustees’ Servants were to be supplied from it. Stephens and Jones turned the Trustees’ servants’ supply house into a price-gouging store But the Contrary soon appeared. The Sola Bills that were sent over were ordered to be issued out in the Names of William Stephens, Esq; Mr. Thomas Christie and Mr. Thomas Jones, or any two of them. However, the other two conspired and entirely excluded Christie, and paid the bills to whom and for what Purpose they thought convenient. They bought New-York Cargoes and any other Commodities that could be purchased in Quantity and put them into the Magazine, where they were sold out by Jones in Wholesale and Retail for ready Money at exorbitant Rates. They have carried on this trade ever since to their vast profit, but to significant Distress of the poor People who are obliged to give at the Rate almost of Cent per Cent for their Provisions. The price-gougers have absolute power like Causton, but only over the remains of Savannah Thus under the Color of no Store, these two keep as open a one as ever Causton did. And by having the Public Money at their disposal, the Payment of all Salaries and Pensions coming through their Hands, they have acquired as absolute power as Causton had. There is one Difference, that Causton's Power in every Respect extended over the whole Colony when it was most populous and Money most plenty; but theirs seems only to affect the wretched Remains of Savannah. Causton’s prosecution was not on our behalf We might have imagined that the Trustees were somewhat moved with our repeated Complaints and that Mr. Causton's Removal was owing thereto. But alas, in this we were mistaken. Nothing (as ever we could understand) was laid to his Charge on our Account, and it was of small Benefit to us whether the Mismanagement of Money, which was the Reason of his removal, lies at his or Mr. Oglethorpe's Door. We cannot but here take Notice that Mr. Causton's Case fortifies the Common Observation that those who prostitute themselves to carry on illegal and oppressive Schemes, when they have once stuck in the Mire, they are forsaken by their Employers, and despised by all the World besides. Frederica imitated Savannah by trying and failing at planting; now they rent rooms to soldiers Mr. Oglethorpe didn’t stay long in Savannah. His main residence was at Frederica, where they had imitated us. They built a few Houses and cleared some Land, but getting no return on their planting, they left it off. As soon as the Regiment came, almost everybody took to Keeping Public-Houses. This is how the few that now remain live. We finally decided to lay out our grievances to the Trustees, hoping they would finally hear us Because ALL the Public Work was stopped, and Clearing Land was found so impracticable that most of us ruined ourselves in the effort, we were in a miserable Condition. All hope from Mr. Oglethorpe ended. We could hardly see what to do. Yet, still thinking the Trustees might be ignorant or misinformed of the present Condition of the Colony, we at last resolved to set forth our Grievances in a short and general Representation, to be signed by all the Free-holders in the Colony, of which the following is an exact Copy:

[From 1741 A True and Historical Narrative, edited by Amy] 1737-9-1 SAVANNAH’S GRAND JURY REPRESENTATION TO THE TRUSTEES An Abstract of the Representation of the Grand Jury of SAVANNAH, to the Honorable Trustees. WE the Grand Jury duly sworn on the 22nd of the last Month, and having diverse Matters laid before us, which we humbly conceive cannot properly be presented to this Court because several of the said Matters involve the Proceedings of the Magistrates of the said Court and contain sundry Articles setting forth many public Necessities and Hardships which can only be remedied by your Honors’ Authority. THEREFORE, We the said Grand Jury, having examined several Witnesses, do on our Oaths Represent to your Honors the following Grievances, Hardships and Necessities: 1. THAT as the Inhabitants of this Town and County have been and are still subject to many Inconveniencies for lack of a Body of the Laws and Constitutions of this Province, it being exceedingly Difficult in many Cases, both for Grand and Petit Juries, to discharge in a proper manner the great Duties that are incumbent on them by their Oaths; so we hope Your Honors will assist us, that we may be enabled well and truly to execute our Duties as aforesaid. 2. THAT by his arbitrary Proceedings, Thomas Causton has endeavored to render the Power and Proceedings of Grand Juries ineffectual, especially this Grand Jury, by intruding upon it when enclosed and about Business, and treating the jury Members with great Haughtiness, Ill-nature, and threats to dissolve them. 3. THAT by his Office of Storekeeper, Thomas Causton holds the Dangerous Power of enticing weak-minded People to comply with unjust Measures, and also deterring others from making just Complaints and Representations to Your Honors; and Causton’s known Implacability and frequent threats are a strong deterrent to many weak-minded though well-meaning people seeking Redress through proper Complaints and just representations to You their Benefactors, Patrons and Protectors. 4. THAT Causton has greatly profited on Provisions and Goods sold out of the Trustees’ Store to the Inhabitants, contrary to Mr. Oglethorpe's Promise when he first settled this Colony; contrary also, we believe, to Your Honors’ good Intentions; and greatly detrimental to the Prosperity of the Colony. Causton has refused to pay the Public Debts other than in Provisions at those high Rates, and sometimes bad and unwholesome, out of the Public Store, causing the Inhabitants great distress, and forcing some to leave the Province. 5. THAT whereas John White had been prisoned for Felony at the Suit of William Aglionby and was due for prosecution at the next Court session, but he was released before that session by a Warrant signed by Thomas Christie, who we suspect was ordered by Thomas Causton. We imagine the Criminal has escaped Justice, to the great Encouragement of enormous Offenders. We believe this contradicts the Laws of our Country, the Peace of our Sovereign Lord the King, his Crown, his Dignity, and particularly the Welfare of this Your Colony. 6. THAT Causton greatly discouraged the Inhabitants of this Town and County in the defensive Measures they had taken in the recent Alarm from the Spaniards. Although almost everybody, Masters and Servants, labored continually in making a Fort to defend themselves in case of Necessity, Causton never came near the Work, but by his Words and Behavior did all he could to prevent it, until at last the People were obliged to leave the work unfinished, contrary to the Welfare and Safety of this Colony. 7. THAT Causton has greatly prevented and discouraged the Cultivation of Lands by hindering People to settle on the Tracts that were allotted to them by the Trustees, whereby several People have been greatly distressed and some almost ruined financially, contrary (as we humbly conceive) to Your Honors’ good Intention and the main Part of Your glorious Undertaking. 8. THAT in order to color his illegal Proceedings, Causton has uttered Words to express: a. That we do not stand upon our own Feet. b. We do not know our Laws or Liberties, nor what the Trustees intend. c. A Magistrate cannot act to strict Forms but may easily dismiss Matters of Petty-Felony, thereby assuming (as we humbly conceive) a dispensing Power, contrary and fatal to the Liberties of British Subjects. 9. THE lack of Public Roads has been detrimental to many who have Settlements at any Distance from this Place, and some have lost and still may lose Crops due to the Difficulty of traveling to and from their Plantations. 10. THAT the major lack of Servants here renders the Free-holders incapable of proceeding with proper Vigor in Cultivating their Lands. The Honorable James Oglethorpe, Esq. did generously promise that Your Honors would be pleased to give this Colony continued Assistance by sending over Servants to the said Freeholders at reasonable Rates. Therefore, we humbly lay before Your Honors the serious lack of Servants in this Town and County, trusting your timely Assistance therein. 11. THAT the Town of Savannah desperately needs a good Wharf and Crane for the Convenience of both Strangers and Inhabitants, they being at double Pains and Costs in landing and getting their Goods up the Bluff. 12. THAT the Light-House of Tybee, despite great Labor and (as we humbly conceive) vast Expense to Your Honors, remains unfinished and uncovered, leaving that most important Structure subject to Weather damage, and may totally decay if not prevented, which will be detrimental to the Trade, Navigation, and Welfare of this Colony. 13. THAT the Inhabitants of this Town and County are at vast Expense in Time of Sickness, especially those with the most Servants. During the hot Season of the Year, hardly half of the Servants are able to do any Work due to violent Sicknesses. This has drastically hindered the Inhabitants in making Improvements. IT is without the least Personal Resentment to Mr. Causton or any other Person, and with the most profound Respect and Duty, that we lay before Your Honors the foregoing Grievances, Hardships and Necessities. And it is not the Persons or Personal Infirmities of any of the Magistrates we blame, but those Actions and Words (we humbly conceive) that tend to subvert our Laws and Liberties. And we are firmly persuaded that Mr. Causton would not have impaneled this Grand Jury on an Affair that so nearly concerned him as that of his Niece’s if he had not believed the several Persons of this Grand Jury to be Men of strict Integrity and no way prejudiced against him. And as we the said Grand Jury are, for the time being, appointed for the solemn Representation of Truth, we humbly hope Your Honors will consider this our Representation as proceeding from a strict, impartial, and sound Enquiry. In Witness, &c.—This first Day of September, 1737.

1738-12-9 FREE-HOLDERS REPRESENTATION TO THE TRUSTEES From 1741 A True and Historical Narrative edited by Amy To the Honorable the Trustees for Establishing the Colony of Georgia in America. May it please Your Honors; WE whose Names are under-written, being all Settlers, Free-holders and Inhabitants in the Province of Georgia, and being sensible of the great Pains and Care exerted by You in Endeavoring to settle this Colony, since it has been under Your Protection and Management, do unanimously join to lay before You, with the utmost Regret, the following Particulars: You haven’t acknowledged our previous complaints But first, we must beg Leave to observe that it has afforded us a great deal of Concern and Uneasiness that former Representations made to You of the same Nature have not been thought worthy of due Consideration, nor even of an Answer. Most of us settled in this Colony in Pursuance of the Description and Recommendation you gave it in Britain. From the Experience of residing here several Years, we find it impossible for the colony to succeed according to the Measures laid down and pursued up till now. This place cannot be farmed according to your terms No one who has planted their Land has been able to raise Sufficient Produce to maintain their Families in Bread kind only, even though as much Application and Industry as possible have been exerted by Men who believed their Welfare and Posterity depended on it and required extraordinary Pains to achieve. Several have expended all their Money on the accumulated Expenses every Year of Provisions, Clothing, and Medicines for themselves, Families, and Servants. Some have even run considerably in Debt and had to quit Planting and making further Improvements. Those who do continue are daily exhausting more and more of their Money, and some are daily increasing their Debt, without a Possibility of being reimbursed according to the present Constitution. The current State of the Colony must make it obvious that People cannot subsist by their Land according to the present Establishment. This Truth resulted from Trial, Practice, and Experience, and therefore cannot be contradicted by any theoretical Scheme or Reasoning. Our only trade commodity is timber, and we can’t compete in that market without negroes Unable to maintain themselves off the Land according to the present Constitution, the Settlers here must unavoidably have recourse to and depend upon Trade. But to our woeful Experience, the same causes that prevented the first obstruct the latter. Though the location of this Place is exceeding well-adapted for Trade and if it was encouraged, might be much more improved by the Inhabitants, yet the Difficulties and Restrictions which we labor under debar us of that Advantage. Timber is the only Thing we have here which we might export, and we already have to cut it to Plant our Land. However, we cannot manufacture it for a Foreign Market except at double the Expense of other colonies. For example, the River of May, just twenty Miles from us, with the Allowance of Negroes, loads Vessels with that Commodity at one Half of the Price that we can do. What would motivate Persons to bring Ships here, when they can be loaded for Half the Expense so near us? Therefore, the Timber on this Land is only a continual cost to the Possessors of it, while it brings great profit to all the Northern Colonies where Negroes are allowed and Labor cheap. Even silk and wine production requires continuous clearing as the land wears out We do not in the least doubt that in Time, Silk and Wine ‘may be produced here, especially the former. But since the Cultivation of Land with white Servants only cannot raise Provisions for our Families as before mentioned, it is again impossible to carry on these other Manufactures according to the present Constitution. It is very well known that Carolina can raise everything that this Colony can. Having their Labor so much cheaper will always ruin our Market unless we are somewhat on a Footing with them. Because the Land is worn out in four or five Years, and then fit for Nothing but Pasture, we will always have a great deal more Expense than they do in Clearing new Land for Planting. Merchants can’t sell to us on credit because we have no titles for collateral The Importation of the Necessaries of Life come to us at the most extravagant Rate. Merchants in general, especially of England, are not willing to supply the Settlers here with Goods on credit because no Person here can make them any Security of their Lands or Improvements, as is commonly practiced in other Places to promote Trade, when some of the Employers Money is laid out in necessary Buildings and Improvements fitting for the Trade intended, without which it cannot be carried on. Importation drains our cash rather than stimulates our economy Therefore, importation only benefits transient Persons who do not lay out any Money amongst us, but rather carry every Penny out of here. The chief Reason they raise the Price is because they cannot get any tangible Goods here, either on Freight or Purchase for another Market. If the Advantage accruing from Importation centered in the Inhabitants, the Profit would naturally circulate amongst us and be laid out in Improvements in the Colony. Bankrupt settlers are leaving and no one wants to come here Surely your Honors are aware of the numbers that have left this Province, unable to support themselves and Families any longer. Those still remaining, who had Money of their own and Credit with their Friends, have spent most of the former in Improvements and lost the latter for doing it on such precarious Titles. Due to the present Establishment, no more than two or three People (except those brought on Charity and Servants sent by You) have come here in the last two years, either to settle Land or encourage Trade. Nor do we hear of any such likely to come until we are on better Terms. The regiment is a help for defense, but does nothing for our economy It is true, His Majesty has been graciously pleased to grant a regiment for the Defense of this Province and our neighboring colony, which indeed will very much assist us in defending ourselves against all Enemies. However, this does not contribute in the least to our Support. The portion of their Pay which is spent here is spent with transient People and our Neighbors in Carolina, who can supply them with Provisions and other Necessaries at a moderate Price. We are not at all capable to do so under the present Establishment. This then being our present Condition, it is obvious what the Consequences must be. We have two main reasons and remedies for the failure of this colony But we for our Parts have entirely relied on and confided in your good intentions, believing You would redress any Grievances that should appear. Now by our long Experience of Industry and continued work to improve land here, we find it impossible to pursue it or even to subsist ourselves any longer according to the present Nature of the Constitution. Believing You will agree to those Measures that are found from Experience capable to make this Colony succeed, and to promote which we have consumed our Money, Time and Labor, with sincere Regard to its Welfare and in Duty both to You and ourselves, we beg Leave to lay before Your immediate Consideration the Two following chief Causes of our present Misfortunes and the deplorable State of the Colony, and which we are certain, if granted, would be an infallible Remedy for both. Give us property titles and we will be loyal and more will join us 1st, The lack of a free Title or Fee-simple to our Lands. If granted, this would induce great Numbers of new Settlers to come amongst us, and likewise encourage those who remain here to proceed cheerfully in making further Improvements to retrieve their sunk Fortunes and make Provisions for their Posterity. Allow us to use negroes and we will be productive 2nd, The lack of the Use of Negroes. If granted with proper Limitations, this would cause great Numbers of white People to come here, and also enable us to support ourselves by raising Provisions upon our Lands until we could make some Produce fit for Export to somewhat Balance our Importation. We are very aware of the Inconveniencies and Mischiefs that have already and do daily arise from an unlimited Use of Negroes. However, we are as aware that these may be prevented by a due Limitation, such as so many to each white Man, or so many to such a Quantity of Land, or in any other Manner Your Honors shall think most proper. You can go down in history as authors of the biggest success or the biggest failure Gentlemen, by granting us these Two Particulars and similar other Privileges as His Majesty's most dutiful Subjects in America enjoy, you will not only prevent our impending Ruin, but we are convinced you also will soon make this the most flourishing Colony possessed by His Majesty in America, and Your Memories will be perpetuated to all future Ages, our latest Posterity sounding Your Praises as their first Founders, Patrons, and Guardians. On the other hand, if by denying us these Privileges, we and our Families are not only ruined but our Posterity as well, you will always be mentioned as the Cause and Authors of all their Misfortunes and Calamities, which we hope will never happen. We are, with all due Respect, Your Honors most dutiful and obedient Servants. Savannah, 9th December, 1738. his R G. Mark. Magistrates: Henry Parker Robert Gilbert Thomas Christie John Fallowfield John Brownfield William Woodroofe Patrick Tailfer Andrew Grant Robert Williams Samuel Mercer Patrick Grhame David Douglass Thomas Bailie Hugh Anderson James Williams Edward Jenkins Thomas Ormston Joseph Wardrope George Bunckle Adam Loyer Peter Joubart John Burton Robert Hows William Meers Thomas Salter James Bailow James Anderson Thomas Trip Samuel Holms James Muer William Parker John Grhame James Papot John Smith William Calvert Stephen Marrauld Richard Mellechamp Isaac Young, sen. James Dormer William Carter Henry Moulton Jacob Watts Henry Manley Samuel Parker Stephen Mounfoord David Gender James Chainsae James Landry Lewis Stamon William Starflichet Simon Rieuwere John Young Samuel Lacy Peter Baillow Peter Emry William Elbert William Greenfield Christopher Greenfield Thomas Young, sen. Henry Green Peter Tector Hugh Frazer John Sallie James Carwells John Lyndall Joseph Fitzwater Elisha Foster Walter Fox John Penrose David Snook Edward Townsend John Desborough — Gorsand Andrew Duchee James Gallway John Kelly Joseph Stanley Thomas Young Thomas Cross Richard Davis Thomas Tibbet James Dean Donald Stewart John Dudding William Ewen Henry Loyd John Amory James Houston Isaac Young Robert Hanks Archibald Glen Thomas Neal Stephen Tarrien James Smith Samuel Ward Pierre Morelle John Desborough, jun. Edward Bush Benjamin Adams Charles Britain John Rae William Coltbred Thomas Wattle Thomas Bailie James Corneck James Burnside John Teasdale Giles Becou Francis Brooks John Clark George Rush Andrew Walker John Miller Thomas Andrews William Sterling Thomas Gantlet Richard Rogers In all 117.

From 1741 A True and Historical Narrative edited by Amy Almost everybody wanted to sign that representation, even the Jews THIS Representation was signed with the greatest Willingness by the above One Hundred and Seventeen Free-holders in the County of Savannah, and only a very few of the General's Favorites declined to subscribe the same, so strong appeared to all of them the Truths therein contained and the absolute Necessity of such an Application. The Jews asked to sign with us, but we did not think it proper to involve them in any of our Measures. The Saltzburghers didn’t sign because Oglethorpe gave them what they wanted We likewise did not allow Widows and Orphans to subscribe because as the Representation contained the absolute Necessities of the Colony, it Might be objected to Ebenezer, the Subscribers specifically appointed some of their Number to show the representation to their pastor, Mr. Boltzius. Boltzius declared the Saltzburghers were just as dissatisfied with their Rights and Restrictions as the other Free-holders and he had no doubt of their Willingness to join in petitioning for Redress. He agreed to consult them and bring their Answer, but never did. One of the appointed Persons commissioned to commune with him, Mr. Anderson, asked Boltzius about the Saltzburghers’ response in the Presence of several Gentlemen. After some frivolous Excuses, Boltzius confessed that the Honorable Mr. Oglethorpe had not only given them Satisfaction, but also asked him to write Home to Germany for a further Supply of his Countrymen. This Gentlemen (we observe it with Regret) has been made the Instrument of imposing upon many British Subjects by publishing Journals and Letters (to which we refer) most inconsistent with Truth. We didn’t let servants sign because they might be construed as influenced by their masters Neither did we admit of Servants to sign the same, lest it should be objected that they were under the Influence of their Masters. By this our Conduct it will appear to every Person of Impartiality how far we were from using Arts * to extort by Clamor a Redress of our Grievances. * Vide Trustees Answer. George Dunbar and Darien go to bat for Oglethorpe A COPY of the Representation was immediately sent to Frederica, and another to Darien. The last was sent to Mr. John More M“ Intosh, and under the same Cover a Letter to Mr. Benjamin M“ Intosh. But More kept Benjamin’s Letter, and sent his own with the Representation to the General, who immediately dispatched Lieut. George Dunbar. Dunbar speaks the Highland Language and has a very fluent and artful Way of Talking. Dunbar and More made promises to the poor People of Cattle (which they afterwards got) and persuaded them to sign a Paper to oppose the People of Savannah. They were told the people of Savannah were Enemies to the General and were petitioning against him. M”Intosh could care less about the colony As for their Leader M“ Intosh, he was immediately set up in a Store and plentifully supplied with all Kinds of Goods. He has often declared that if, by acting as he did, he could live well himself, he did not care what became of the rest of the Colony; and as for his Children, they might go wander in the Woods with the Indians. Fredericans were warned not to associate with Savannah anarchists As soon as it was heard that the Representation arrived in Frederica, the Inhabitants were called together and told That the People of Savannah were going to throw off the Government of the Trustees, and had associated together for that Purpose. H advised them to beware of any Snare that might be laid by these People, which if they were caught with would ruin them. And thus, the intent of the Representation was quashed in both Darien and Frederica. The Representation to Oglethorpe with the following anonymous letter Some Time after this, a Copy of the Representation was sent to Mr. Oglethorpe along with the following Letter by an anonymous Author. We insert it here because we think it is partly an Explanation of the Representation, and likewise a true View of the Situation of the Colony at that Time and the Character of Mr. Oglethorpe. It was directed,

From 1741 A True and Historical Narrative edited by Amy ANONYMOUS LETTER SENT TO OGLETHORPE WITH THE FREEHOLDERS REPRESENTATION To the Honorable James Oglethorpe, Esq; General and Commander in Chief over all His Majesty's Forces in South-Carolina and Georgia, &c. — at Frederica. SIR, Higher people can be blinded by flattery and should listen carefully for hard truths IT is the common Misfortune of all who act in the higher Stations of Life to be surrounded with Flatterers who consult the Humors, Passions, and Prejudices of their Patrons rather than their Honor and Interest. This should induce every Person in such Station who regards his own Honor, Interest, or Fame to lend an open and attentive Ear to Truth in whatever Shape or from whatever Hand delivered. I am a straight-shooter, and you will appreciate my sincerity I use this Freedom with Your Excellency as an anonymous Author. I have no Bias, Motive, or Interest other than as a Member of the Colony and a Well-wisher to the Happiness of Society. That being said, I do have a real and sincere Regard to your Honor and Welfare and an earnest Desire to restore you to that peace of Mind and the now suspended Affections of the People which the present State of Affairs must necessarily deprive you of. Therefore, it doesn’t matter who is writing; only what is written. I am, Sir, a Plain-Dealer. With the greatest respect, I shall treat you with more Sincerity than Ceremony, and if my Arguments can attain the desired Effect, I have no doubt you will think me a real friend to you and the Colony. A cure requires finding the cause When a skillful Physician wants to cure his Patient of a Disease, he traces it from the Beginning and examines the Sources and Progress of it. By finding the Cause, he may more confidently apply a Remedy. The same Process is necessary to effect a Cure in the Body Politick. The present languishing and almost desperate Condition of the Affairs of this Province is too obvious to your Excellency to need a Description. Be pleased then, laying aside Prepossession and Prejudice, to retire unto yourself, and examine impartially where the present Misfortunes originated. Let’s review the original intent of the colony To that end, let me present your Excellency with a View of the Nation's Intents in Establishing this Colony. Indeed, they were and are Nothing unsuitable to a British or Roman Spirit: 1. Establish a strong and populous Settlement as a Barrier and Safeguard of British America. 2. Achieve that end by employing those Persons who were least useful at Home, and by recruiting volunteers from the Reasonableness of the Proposals. 3. Restore Liberty and Happiness to those groaning under the common Misfortunes of Mankind and unable to serve themselves or Country at Home. 4. Establish new Manufactures to support the Colony and rectify the Balance of Trade of Great Britain with neighboring Nations. The design was truly noble, and it would be wrong to suggest selfish motives A Design truly great, founded on purely just policy and practicable. It would be impious to suggest the colony’s design contained any ulterior motive to make the Adventurers Slaves or Tenants at Will, or that it was a conspiracy to satisfy the Ambition or Covetousness of an after Governor or any particular Courtier or Party by exploiting the Industry and Substance of the Settlers, or to imagine that the Honorable Board of Trustees, or any of them, could be capable of such a conspiracy. God Forbid this noble design should rob its recipients and designer of their expected return Is it any wonder if many people were encouraged by his Majesty's most ample Rights and Privileges granted in his Royal Charter to the Honorable Trustees? People were enticed by grants on Behalf of the Inhabitants, the beautiful Description of Fertile Soil and Happy Climate, a view that Mr. Oglethorpe, a Gentleman of the greatest Humanity and Generosity, was willing to sacrifice his Ease, and all those Pleasures and Enjoyments which his easy Circumstances of Life entitled him to, in order to be the Patron and Father of the Distressed and the distinguished Friend of his Country, Society, and Humane Nature. I say, Sir, no Wonder if those Views inspired multitudes to embark their Persons, Families, and Fates in such an Adventure. Shall anything then intervene to render such a noble Design abortive and frustrate those of their expected Happiness, or your Excellency of your deserved Honor? GOD FORBID! The impossibility of white people farming here has been proven by both dependent and independent farmers This Colony consists of two Sorts of People: those whom the Public sent over and supported, and volunteers who were not burthensome to the Public (people who settled in Georgia at their own Expense.) I now look upon both in the same Light because either Party has exhausted their Support or private Stocks in endeavoring to prosecute the intended Plan. But it shall suffice for my Argument that enough of each Kind have applied themselves to this Purpose to confirm the Experiment, that it is impossible for us with British or Foreign Servants to afford the lowest Necessaries of Life, much less to increase our Stocks, or defray the many Exigencies and Disappointments that this Soil and Climate are inevitably exposed to. This I take to be granted and wish to God the Success of the Colony depended on the Laying the most satisfying Proof of it! And as for Persons who, from selfish Views, have imposed upon the Credulity of the Honorable Trustees by representing Things in Colors distant from Truth, it is superfluous to curse them. When and if an easier manufacture is found, I will fully support the current constitution I am sure that in Time, Manufactures may be established that are more suitable to the Strength and Constitution of British Servants, and that might support and enrich the Colony. I heartily pray for that happy Period. At that point, I would condemn and dissent from any who would not be content with the present Regulation. In the meantime, Production of Necessaries is absolutely necessary yet impracticable under the present Establishment. A failed experiment is nothing to be ashamed of, but continuing despite failure is It follows, of Course, that either the Scheme must be altered or the Design abandoned. At the first it was a Trial, now it is an Experiment, and certainly no Man or Society need be ashamed to admit that unforeseen Emergencies disproved their Hypothesis. And no Person of Judgment would censure for lack of Success where the Proposal was probable. But all the World would exclaim against that Person or Society who, through mistaken Notions of Honor or Positiveness of Temper, would persist in pushing an Experiment contrary to all Probability to the Ruin of the Adventurers. The only way to fix the experiment is to admit negroes so we can have local trade I don’t know how many Methods may be discovered by the Wisdom of the Trustees for Remedying this Inconvenience. One only occurs to me, which is the Admitting a certain Number of Negroes sufficient to ease the white Servants from those Labors that are most fatal to a British constitution. I am very aware of the problems of an unlimited Use of them in a Frontier Colony, but I am just as aware that those problems may be prevented by prudent Regulations. The admission of negroes for executing the more laborious Parts of farming could attract white Servants who would otherwise flee this place as a Purgatory or Charnel-House. They know our Toil is not capable of producing mere Necessaries by Cultivation of Land, much less by Trade. Because all the neighboring Colonies with Negroes perform all Branches of farming at a sixth of the Expense we can, they would forever preclude us of any profit. Suppose the colony got a perpetual subsidy to make up for no negroes? And supposing what cannot be admitted, that the Nation would consent to give a perpetual Fund for making up all those Deficiencies. What Benefit could ever accrue to the Nation? Or to the Settlers, but a present bare Sustenance? What about the inevitable future generations Orphans left to the Care of Providence, since no Period of Time can be affixed when such a Support would enable us to provide for ourselves? Land titles are needed to procure credit A second Reason which disables us to improve either by Land or Trade is our lack of Credit. You know very well, that both the mercantile and mechanic segments of mankind live more by Credit than Stock. The Man who has a probable Scheme of improving Credit is naturally entitled to it. As we have no more Stock to dispense, either in Cultivation or Trade, we are reduced to need the Support of Credit, which the present Restrictions of our legal Rights and Titles to our Land deprive us of. Indeed, the Trustees have assured us that those and other Restrictions are only Temporary and for the Welfare of the first Settlement until a proper Body of Laws, which was upon the Carpet, can be perfected. I am far from disputing the Reasonableness of that Resolution as long as public Support or private Stocks kept us from needing Credit. But that now the Case is altered, it is Necessary to Remove those Restrictions to preserve the remains of the Colony not yet dissolved. It is far too late for the hundreds whom Necessity has dispersed in other Corners of the World. This is a Truth, Sir, too obvious to need further Enlargement. The king gave us land titles in the charter; you need to give us what is ours Hence it is clear, we can insist on demanding our Privileges as British Subjects from the Trustees’ Promises, but we likewise claim them as Law, Justice, and Property. Your Excellency was pleased in the Court-House of Savannah to use a Comparison to satisfy the Minds of the People, of a Man who would lend his Horse but not his Saddle, which one refusing another accepted of. This, I humbly think, in no Way meets the Case. The King's Majesty was Owner both of Horse and Saddle, of Lands and Rights, and gave us both in his Charter. We ask only what is given to us in that charter. Reliance on public Faith brought us to this Colony. To try to obviate or disappoint the Effects of those Promises which tempted us here would justify the Decoying us to Misery under the Sanction of the Royal Authority. Nothing could be more injurious to the Fountain of Honor. Some losers might squander their free property, but still the colony will thrive I suppose that if full and ample Rights were given, some idle Persons who had no Judgment to value or Inclination to improve their Properties, no Affections for their Families or Relations, might dispose of their Rights for a Glass of Rum; but I absolutely deny that the Colony could lose by such an Exchange. I admit such Persons would be much safer confined than free. But where the Affection of the Parent and the Reason of the Man die, the Person is a fitter Inhabitant for Moorfields than Georgia. What will become of our children? I must further point out that not only are Parents incapable for lack of Credit to provide for themselves, being forced to dispose of their Servants for lack of Provisions, but if they could provide for themselves, only their eldest Son could reap the Benefit. Their younger Children, however numerous, are left to be fed by Him who feeds the Ravens; and if they have no Children, their Labor and Substance descends to Strangers. How, Sir, could you or any free-born Spirit brook such a Tenor? Are not our younger Children and Daughters equally entitled to our Bowels and Affections? And does human Nature end with our First-born and not extend itself to the Rest of our Progeny and more distant Relations? And is it not inverting the Order of Nature that the eldest Son would not only enjoy a double Portion, but even exclude all the younger Children? And having an Interest independent of the Parents, how natural is it for him to withdraw that Obedience and Subjection which proceeds from paternal Authority and filial Dependence! The nation will not tolerate short-changing us who are risking our lives on the frontier The Trustees are but a Channel to convey to us the King's Rights. They cannot in Law or Equity, and I dare say, will not short-change those Rights. Can we suppose that we are singled out for a State of Misery and Servitude, and that so many Honorable Personages are Instruments of it? Far be the Thoughts from us! The Genius of the British Nation, so remarkably zealous for Liberty and the Rights of Mankind, will never foresake British Subjects who have not fled their Country for Crimes, but voluntarily proffered their Service and risked their ALL upon the Confidence of the Public Faith and the Trustees’ Honor to accomplish a Settlement upon the most dangerous Point of his Majesty's Dominions. I say, the nation will never allow such subjects to be deprived of public Promises of the natural Liberties of British Subjects. As we are on a Frontier where our Lives and Fortunes may more frequently come into dispute than other People's, our Privileges and Supports should be proportionately greater; for who would venture his Life to secure no Property, or fight to secure to himself Poverty and Misery? And no doubt our cunning and vigilant Adversaries, the French and Spaniards, would know how to make their own Advantage. The regiment is great, but the colony can’t support them The King ‘has been very gracious, and your Endeavors generous and useful in procuring a Regiment for our Protection. But let me add a Truth equally certain, that only the Flourishing of the Colony can support that Regiment. Not only the Support of the Soldiers, but your own Honor, Glory and Reputation are intermixed with the Fate of the Colony, and must stand or fall with it. Let’s consider the consequences if you refuse the demands in the Representation To come closer to the Point, please to consider the Consequences of Refusing the Representation of the Colony, whereof your Excellency as one of the Honorable Board will be furnished with a Copy, and how these Consequences may affect the Colony, the Nation, the Trustees, the Military Establishment in this Province, the Indians, and Your Excellency. Deferring the solution has devastated the colony As to the COLONY, deferring the necessary Relief has already too tragically affected it by dispersing a great Part of the Inhabitants. The Remainder languishing here are supported more with faint Hopes and a continued Reliance on the Honor of the Nation and Trustees than with victuals. Meanwhile, lack and famine guard the Door of many and render them equally unable to stay or go. The Town, so beautifully situated to the Honor of the Contriver, bears the most visible Signs of Decay and Mortality before it is fully born. The once-cultivated Plantations, now over-grown with Weeds and Brush, are so many epitaphs of such and such Persons and Families! I wish it was possible to draw a Veil over this tragic Scene! Dissolving the colony will result in a public lawsuit But, Sir, our Case is more clamant than a thousand Tongues and will reach the Ears and pierce the Hearts of every TRUE BRITON. If this is the Effects of Delay, what will the total Dissolution of the Colony produce? Such a crowd of miserable People, Orphans, and Suppliants will be heard by the Justice of the Nation. If the cause appears to be the adherence to an impracticable Scheme and refusing the obvious Means that would enable the proposed End, or withholding those just Rights which we are entitled to, we will have the right to recover Damages from the Authors of our Miseries. In all Places where Settlements were attempted by the English and found untenable, the Settlers were taken Home at public expense, their Losses recompensed, and they were made useful to the Community in some other way. We are not allowed to do for ourselves here or elsewhere. The nation will have lost tons of money only to enlightened our enemies of the Bahama channel As to the second Point, how the NATION would be affected by it, it is first obvious That all the noble Ends and Advantages they proposed are lost, and Sums of Money expended to no Purpose except to inform the French and Spaniards of the Importance of a Pass which they will not fail to possess. It was impossible to make a second Settlement upon the present Plan, and if it is to be altered in anyone's favor, why not ours who have risked and spent our all in the Adventure? The Trustees will survive an investigation, but their reputations won’t How the TRUSTEES may be affected by it in all Respects I shall not say. I don’t doubt they could entirely satisfy a parliamentary inquiry into their Management. But all good Men will regret that so Honorable a Body should lose that Glory and Fame which the prosperous Success of the Colony would have crowned them with. The regiment would not survive without the colony I have formerly asserted that only the flourishing State of the Colony can support the MILITARY. Indeed, without a Colony, it would be easier to maintain a garrison in Tangier on the Coast of Africa than in the South of Georgia. One Regiment would hardly suffice to withstand the Enemy, and yet so small a Handful may be reduced to Discontent, Straits, and lack, notwithstanding all the Bounty of a King or Prudence of a General. The Indians would lose respect for us and we’d lose a lot of good trade with them As to the INDIANS, what could we expect less than being scorned and despised? That they should immediately fall in with the tempting Proffers of the French and Spaniards, and so Great Britain cut off from that valuable Branch of the Indians’ Trade? For how indeed could they expect Execution of Treaties or Protection from People who, without the Force of any Enemy, could not preserve their own Schemes of Government from falling to Pieces? You, Oglethorpe, would be a disappointment to yourself and the world How the Tragedy must affect YOUR EXCELLENCY would be Presumption in me to determine. I only know that to see Those you honor with the name of “Children” in Want and Misery, that Settlement which should have perpetuated your Name to Posterity with the greatest Honor, become the Foil of all your great Undertakings, and the Expectations of all the World from your promising Endeavors setting in a Cloud and Obscurity, must affect Your Excellency in a Way suitable to your human and generous Disposition. We will still love you if you treat us right Sir, We still love, honor and respect you, (despite whatever low selfish minded Persons, the Bane of Society, may surmise to the contrary) and will continue to do so as long as we can have any Hopes of your pursuing Measures consistent with our Prosperity. But Sir, Smiles cannot be expected amidst Disappointments and Wants, and there is no altering the Course of Nature. Love and Gratitude are the Tribute of Favors and Protection, and Resentment the Consequence of Injuries received. In Disappointments of this Nature much more reasonably than in those of Love, do the contrary Passions take Place in the same Degree. Do what we ask, and we’ll be loyal forever What then remains except that you embrace those obvious Measures that will retrieve our desperate Affairs? Restore to us, in Mr. Oglethorpe, our Father and Protector, whose Honor and Affection was depended upon. Secure to yourself a Society that love and honors you, and who will always be ready to sacrifice both Life and Fortune to your Honor and Protection, and your Name with Blessings will be perpetuated. If in this I have by a sincere and well-meant Freedom given Offence, I heartily ask Pardon. None was intended. And I only request that, while Truth keeps the Stage, the Author may be allowed to remain incognito behind the Scenes. I am, SIR, Your, &c. The PLAIN-DEALER.

[From 1741 A True and Historical Narrative, edited by Amy] The trustees ignored the Representation and Wesley left town THE Original of this was signed by all 44 grand jurors and sent Home. However, we never heard any sign that the Trustees took any notice of it. We hope it will appear evident to every judicious Reader that this Jury was neither bypassed nor intimidated by Causton to be Prejudiced of any Person whatsoever, as Mr. Wesley asserts in his Journal printed at Bristol, 1739. He likewise says there were a professed Atheist and Deist in the group, but for our Parts we know of neither. But a Man of Mr. Wesley's Principles, who makes no Scruple of writing willful Falsehoods (as may be seen by anyone who compares this Narrative with his Journal) and of damning every Person of a contrary Opinion with himself; may, without Hesitation, give People what Appellations come in his Head: However, this put an End to any further Prosecution of Mr. Wesley's Schemes because soon after this, he departed the Colony privately by Night and went to Charles-Town, and from there to England.

From 1741 A True and Historical Narrative edited by Amy 1739-5-26 Four original settlers asked Trustees and Oglethorpe for Wilmington island One flagrant Instance of the indirect Practices he used to draw People into his Measures was as follows: * In Summer, 1739, [see Trustees’ reply for date and name] (when it was thought the Representation would have succeeded) Messrs. Grant, Douglass, Stirling and Bailie, who had been old Settlers in the Colony and who had in a manner ruined themselves as others had done, either by Planting or Building, wrote to the Trustees for an Island, and at the same Time applied to Mr. Oglethorpe for it. He appeared [in town?] mighty glad at their Resolution and told them that if they would agree to what he had to propose, the Granting of an Island should be Nothing in respect to what he would do for them. They told him they would do anything that was consistent with their Knowledge and Conscience, then they were dismissed. Oglethorpe offered an offensive deal for the island The next Day they were to know his Mind. Two of his Emissaries were sent separately with Proposals, which they afterwards wrote in order to be signed, but refused a Copy thereof. These Proposals were to the following Effect: • To acknowledge they were in the Wrong for having any Hand in the Making or Signing the Representation. • To ask the General's Pardon for so doing. • And to assert that they believed the Colony might flourish according to the then present Constitution If they complied with these things, they would have what Money they asked for, with Horses, Cattle and everything else they wanted, together with the General's perpetual Friendship and Assistance. If they didn’t comply, they might expect Nothing but his highest Resentment. They answered that they never expected, nor did they think they ever asked for any Favors from the General, and as for his Resentment, they believed they had already felt the Utmost of it. (*There are particular Affidavits to prove this whole Affair.) In whatever Shape the General wrote Home of this Affair, is not known; but however, from what he wrote, the Trustees thought fit, at first, positively to deny their Request in a Letter which came to their Hands in July, 1740 [1740-7 Trustees deny request for Wilmington Island] of which this is an exact Copy. [1740-3-25 TRUSTEES RESPOND TO REQUEST FOR ISLAND]

From 1741 A True and Historical Narrative edited by Amy THIS Year there was promised a Bounty of Two Shillings Sterling on every Bushel of Corn, and One Shilling on every Bushel of Pease and Potatoes raised in the County of Savannah. This induced some few to plant, but they were miserably deceived. Few or none of them ever received their full Bounty, (although if they had received it twice over, it could not have achieved the desired result.) People being thus, by a Chain of Disappointments and Miseries, most of them rendered incapable to subsist, and toward the End of this Summer, beginning to despair of having any favorable Answer to their Representation or Hopes of Redress, left the Colony faster than ever. When the Answer (or rather Denial) came over, they went in such Numbers that the whole Province of South-Carolina was overspread with them, and in and about the Town of Charlestown alone, this Autumn, over Fifty Georgians died in Misery and Want, most of whom were buried at the Public Charge.

From 1741 A True and Historical Narrative edited by Amy The RESOLUTIONS of the Trustees for establishing the Colony of Georgia in America, in Common-Council assembled this 28th Day of August in the Year of our Lord 1739, relating to the Grants and Tenure of Lands within the said Colony. Lands were granted by the king to his subjects WHEREAS the Common-Council of the said Trustees assembled for that Purpose in the Name of the Corporation of the said Trustees and under their Common Seal have in Pursuance of His Majesty’s most gracious Letters Patent, and in Execution of the Trusts thereby reposed in them, granted and conveyed diverse Portions of the Lands, Tenements and Hereditaments in the said Letters Patent mentioned to many of his Majesty’s loving Subjects, natural born and Denizens, and others willing to become His Subjects and to live under Allegiance to His Majesty in the said Colony, to hold to them respectively, and to the Heirs Male of their respective Bodies, lawfully begotten, or to be begotten, under the several Rents, Reservations, Conditions and Provisos therein contained; To encourage settlers to come, stay, and improve the land And whereas it has been represented to the said Trustees that many of the Persons to whom such Grants have been made have no Issue Male of their respective Bodies, and that an Alteration in the Grants and Tenure of the said Lands, upon Failure of such Issue, and likewise a known certain Provision for the Widows of Tenants in Tail Male, would not only encourage all such Persons cheerfully to go on with their several Improvements but also be an Inducement and Means of inviting divers other Persons to resort to and settle in the said Colony and greatly tend to the Cultivation of the Lands, the Increase of the People, and the Defense, Strength and Security of the said Colony, which the said Trustees most earnestly desire to promote as far as in them lies: It is therefore this Day unanimously resolved by the Common Council of the said Corporation assembled for that Purpose That the Grants of Lands or Tenements within the said Colony heretofore made and hereafter to be made by the said Trustees to any Person or Persons whatsoever shall be altered, made, and established in Manner and Form following: Widow heirs with children If Tenant in Tail Male of Lands or Tenements in the said Colony, not having done or suffered any Act, Matter or Thing, whereby his Estate therein may be forfeited or determined, shall happen to die leaving a Widow and one or more Child or Children, the Widow of such Tenant shall hold and enjoy the Dwelling-House and Garden (if any such there be) and one Moiety of such Lands and Tenements for and during the Term of her Life. The said Moiety to be set out and divided in case the Parties interested therein do not agree within the Space of three Months by the Magistrates of the Town-court in Georgia nearest thereunto, or any one of them. And in case such Division be made by one of such Magistrates only, then any Person or Persons finding him, her or themselves aggrieved thereby may within the Space of three Months appeal to the other three Magistrates of the said Town-court, whose Determination thereof shall be final. Widow heirs without children And if such Tenant shall happen to die leaving only a Widow and no Child or Children, then that such Widow shall hold and enjoy the said Dwelling-house, Garden, and all such Lands and Tenements for and during the Term of her Life. And in case the Widow of any such Tenant, whether he die without Issue by her or not, shall marry again after his Decease, then such Person to whom she shall be so married shall, within the Space of Twelve Months after such Marriage, give Security to the said Trustees and their Successors, whether Personal, or otherwise, agreeable to such Instructions as shall be given by the Common Council of the said Trustees for maintaining and keeping in repair, during such Marriage, the said Dwelling-house, Garden, and other the Premises to which she shall be so entitled in right of her former Husband. And if such Security shall not be given in manner aforesaid within the Space of twelve Months after such Marriage, the Provision hereby made or intended to be made for the Benefit of such Widow shall cease, determine and be absolutely void to all Intents and Purposes, and the said Dwelling-house and Garden and all and singular the Premises shall be and enure to such Child or Children or to such other Person or Persons who would be entitled to the same in case the said Widow was naturally dead. Daughter heirs And if Tenant in Tail Male of Lands or Tenements in the said Colony, not having done or suffered any Act, Matter or Thing whereby his or her Estate therein may be forfeited or determined, shall happen to die leaving one or more Daughter or daughters and no Issue Male, then that such Lands and Tenements, if not exceeding eighty Acres, shall be holden in Tail Male by any one of the Daughters of such Tenant; and if exceeding eighty Acres, by any one or more of the Daughters of such Tenant in Tail Male, as such Tenant shall by his or her last Will and Testament in Writing, duly executed in the Presence of three or more credible Witnesses, direct and appoint; and in Default of such Direction or Appointment, then that such Lands and Tenements shall be holden in Tail Male by the eldest of such Daughters; and in Default of Issue Male and Female, either born in the Life-time of such Tenant in Tail Male, or within nine Months after his Decease, then that such Lands and Tenements, if not exceeding eighty Acres, shall be holden in Tail Male by any one such Person; and if exceeding eighty Acres, by any one or more such Person or Persons as such Tenant in Tail Male by his or her last Will and Testament in Writings executed as aforesaid shall direct and appoint, and in Default of such Direction or Appointment, then that such Lands and Tenements shall be holden in Tail Male by the Heir at Law of such Tenant; subject nevertheless in all any every the said Cases, to such Right of the Widow (if any) as aforesaid, Provided That such Daughter or Daughters, and all and every such Person or Persons so intitled to hold and enjoy any such Lands and Tenements, do within the Space of twelve Months after the Death of such Tenant, personally appear, if residing in America and claim the same in any of the Town-courts in Georgia; and if residing out of America, then within the Space of Eighteen Months next after the Death of such Tenant. No parcel shall be created less than 50 or more than 500 acres And Provided also, That no such Devise or Appointment shall be made by any such Tenant of Lands exceeding eighty Acres, in any lesser or smaller Portion or Parcel than fifty Acres to any one Daughter, or other Person. And that no Daughter or other Person shall be capable of enjoying any Devise which may thereby increase his or her former Possession of Lands within the said Colony to more than Five Hundred Acres; but such Devise to be void, and the Lands thereby given to descend in such manner as if no such Devise had been made. If no one claims inheritance, the land defaults to the Trustees And in Default of such Appearance and Claim as aforesaid, that all and singular the said Lands and Tenements shall be and remain to the said Trustees and their Successors forever. Provided also that all and every such Estates hereby created or intended to be created, shall be subject and liable to the several Rents, Reservations, Provisos and Conditions, as in the original Grants thereof are particularly mentioned and contained; save and except so much thereof as is hereby altered, or intended to be altered, in case of Failure of Issue Male, and the Provision hereby made or intended to be made for Widows. Grantees can designate heirs in their will And that in every Grant hereafter to be made by the said Trustees or their Successors of any Lands or Tenements in the said Colony, all and every Grantee therein named, not doing or suffering any Act, Matter, or Thing whereby his or her Estate therein may be forfeited or determined, shall have good Right, full Power, and lawful Authority to give and devise the same by his or her last Will and Testament in Writing, duly executed in the Presence of three or more credible Witnesses, in manner and form following, that is to say, Every Grantee of Lands not exceeding eighty Acres, to any one Son or any one Daughter in Tail Male; and every Grantee of Lands exceeding eighty Acres, the whole or any part thereof, but not in lesser Lots or Portions than fifty Acres to any one Devisee to his or her Son or Sons, Daughter or Daughters in Tail Male; and in Default of such Devise as aforesaid, then that such Lands and Tenements shall descend to the eldest Son in Tail Male; and in ‘Default of Issue Male, to the eldest Daughter in Tail Male; and in Default of Issue Male and Female, then that such Lands ‘and Tenements shall be holden in Tail Male, if not exceeding eighty Acres, by any one such Person; and if exceeding eighty Acres, by any one or more such Person or Persons, but not in any smaller Lot or Portion than fifty Acres to any one Person as such Grantee shall by his or her last Will and Testament in Writing, executed as aforesaid, direct and appoint; and in Default of such Direction or Appointment, then that such Lands and Tenements shall be holden in Tail Male by the Heir at Law of such Grantee; subject nevertheless to such Right of the Widow (if any) as aforesaid, Provided always, That no Son, Daughter or other Person shall be capable of enjoying any Devise which may thereby increase his or her former Possession of Land within the said Colony, to more than five Hundred Acres; but such Devise to be void, and the Lands thereby given, to descend in such manner as if no such Devise had been made. Heirs must claim the land in person within 12 or 18 months Provided also, That such Son or Sons, Daughter or Daughters, and all and every such Person or Persons intitled to hold and enjoy any such Lands and Tenements, do within the Space of twelve Months after the Death of such Grantee, or of those under whom they claim, personally appear, if residing in America, and claim the same in any of the Town-courts in Georgia; ‘and if residing out of America, then within the Space of eighteen ‘Months next after such Death; and in Default of such Appearance and Claim as aforesaid, That all and singular the said Lands and Tenements shall be and remain to the said Trustees, and their Successors forever. All inherited land will remain under the same governance as the original And Provided also, ‘That all and every such Estates shall be subject and liable to ‘he like Rents, Reservations, Provisos and Conditions as in the former Grants of Lands heretofore made, save and except so much thereof as is hereby altered, or intended to be altered, upon the Failure of Issue Male. Grantees will be notified and grants modified free of charge And it is hereby required that Public Notice of these Resolutions be forthwith given by the Magistrates of the respective Town-courts in Georgia, and also by the Secretary of the said Trustees in London, that all and every the Grantees of Lands or Tenements within the said Colony may enter their respective Claims, either at the Georgia Office near Old Palace Yard in Westminster or in any of the Town-courts in Georgia, within the Space of twelve Months from the Date hereof, to the end that they may receive the Benefit hereby intended, and that proper Grants and Conveyances in the Law may be forthwith prepared and executed for that Purpose. And it is hereby expressly declared, That no Fee or Reward shall be taken for the Entering of any such Claim, directly or indirectly, by any Person or Persons whatsoever. Signed by Order of the said Common Council, Benjamin Martyn, Secretary.

From 1741 A True and Historical Narrative edited by Amy IN September a printed Paper, entitled, An Answer to the Representation, & c. was sent over, and arrived at Savannah; and of which this is an exact Copy: [6/20/1739 Georgia Trustees Respond to the Freeholders' Representation] WE won’t detain the Reader to show the Absurdity and Insufficiency of the Reasons cited in the above Paper, or how improperly it is called an Answer to the Representation. Instead, we refer them to the whole Tenor of this Narrative.

From 1741 A True and Historical Narrative edited by Amy New magistrates were appointed with typical nonsense With this Paper came over new Commissions for Magistrates: Messrs. Thomas Christie, First, John Fallowfield, Second, and Thomas Jones, Third, Bailiffs, and Mr. William Williamson, Recorder. As if the Inhabitants had not been sufficiently punished before by the arbitrary Government of Causton, the Two Offices of Store-keeper and Magistrate were again joined in One Person, which infallibly renders him (whoever he is) absolute in Savannah. Indeed, if the Miseries and Hardships of the People could have received any Addition, they must have done so from the Person appointed to execute those Offices, Mr. Thomas Jones, Third Bailiff. As previously mentioned, Jones surpassed Mr. Causton in everything that was bad without having any one of his good Qualifications. So that he might even more easily govern at will, Mr. Oglethorpe thought proper to supersede the Commissions of Messrs. Thomas Christie and William Williamson, and continued Mr. Henry Parker as First Magistrate, being sure he was a Person that would always be in the Interest of whoever was Store-keeper, and having no other Magistrate to cope with but Mr. Fallowfield, they were certain of overruling him, though his Sentiments were never so just; and when the General heard that some People justly complained that the Trustees’ Commissions were of none Effect, he threatened an armed Force if they refused to comply. An audit was ordered on Causton, but the auditors failed to comply William Stephens, Esq; Messrs. Thomas Christie and Thomas Jones, were likewise appointed to inspect into Causton's Accounts, but Christie was altogether rejected by the other Two. Then they never did anything with it. Jones would sometimes even hector and domineer over Causton in as haughty a Manner as ever he had formerly done over the meanest Person in Savannah.

From 1741 A True and Historical Narrative edited by Amy ALTHOUGH the Trustees say in their Answer to the Representation That they should think themselves very unfit for the Trust reposed in them should they by an irrational Attempt alter the Entail of Lands; yet not one Month after we had received the aforesaid Answer, over comes the following Paper: [1739-8-28 RESOLUTIONS RELATING TO THE GRANTS AND TENURE OF LANDS] WE believe this Paper will perplex most People, who have not thoroughly studied the Law, to make Sense of it; and as there were no Lawyers in Georgia, it would seem as if it had been sent over with no other intention than that it should not be understood; and indeed it rather tended to add to the Confusions in the Colony, than to promote the Benefit of it. Hardly anybody in Georgia could understand the new resolution We can only assure the Reader, that it had no good Effect in Georgia. It was kept from the People as much as possible, except that a fictitious Abridgment of it with the same Title and the same Way signed was publicly exhibited in Writing. But this was a needless Caution, for not One in Twenty of them would have understood any one Paragraph of it.

From 1741 A True and Historical Narrative edited by Amy In October 1739, the General released his Proclamation for Granting Letters of Marque and Reprisals. The Inhabitants were called together in the Court-House, where he gave a very elaborate Speech. Among other Things, he told them that he was designed against St. Augustine, and if he did not take it, he would leave his Bones before the Walls thereof. But he is now at Frederica, and as we have too much Reason to believe, this Castle is still in the Hands of the Spaniards. A little after this we had another Instance how much our Benefactors had our Interest and Welfare at Heart. It was announced that all unmarked Cattle belonged to the Trustees as Lords of the Manor. Orders were given that they should be marked accordingly. When People strenuously insisted to the Contrary, the plan was dropped for that Time.

From 1741 A True and Historical Narrative edited by Amy On the 4th of November Mr. Oglethorpe departed from Savannah, and he now seems to have intirely forgot it. It is certain that ever since the Affair of the Representation, according to his own Words, the very Name of the Place is become hateful to him, as are all those who he thought were Ring-Leaders in that Affair. He tried to threaten and bribe some of them to a Recantation, but to little Purpose. Two or three were the most (to the best of our Knowledge) he could gain, and even those, we believe, never signed anything.

From 1741 A True and Historical Narrative edited by Amy The Orphan-House is situated about fourteen Miles Southeast of Savannah: This famous Work was begun in March, 1740. During the space of six Months, there were about One Hundred Men, Women and Children, maintained and employed about it. According to their own Calculation, they have expended near 4,000 Pounds Sterling. But ever since Mr. Whitefield left Georgia the latter End of August in the same Year, it has decayed steadily; for, besides those he then carried to the Northward with him, a great many have since left them; and their Money growing short, they were soon obliged to discharge most of the Workmen; besides of late, many Divisions have arisen amongst them: In short, the Design seems to be drawing near a close, although at this Time the House itself is scarcely half finished: It is built upon a low Pine Barren, surrounded on one Side with a large Tract of salt Marsh, extending to Vernon River, to which they have a Passage by Water when the Tides are up for small Craft; on the other Side it is surrounded with Woods; They have cleared about ten Acres of Ground, and have built several Houses and Huts. The Frame of the Orphan-House is up, the Roof shingled, and the Sides weather boarded: It is sixty Feet in Length, forty Feet wide: It has two Stories besides Cellars and Garrets; the Cellars are built Brick, which likewise serves, for a Foundation to the whole Building: It would certainly be a fine Piece of Work, if finished; but if it were finished, where is the Fund for its support? and what Service can an Orphan-House be in a Desert and a forsaken Colony?

From 1741 A True and Historical Narrative edited by Amy 1740-3-25 TRUSTEES RESPOND TO REQUEST FOR ISLAND To Messrs. Grant, Douglass and Bailie, at Savannah, in Georgia. Georgia-Office, March 25, 1740. Gentlemen, We learned from your letter that you abandoned your settlements over negroes and tenure THE Trustees for establishing the Colony of Georgia, have received and read your Letter of May 26, 1739, by which they find you have abandoned your Settlements upon the Ogeeche River because you are not allowed to have black Servants to cultivate your Lands, and because you disliked the Tenure of your Grants. We still cannot allow negroes, especially in light of South Carolina’s recent rebellions As to the First, you must have seen by the Trustees Answer to the Representation of some of the People that they cannot and will not break into the Constitution of the Provide by such an Introduction of Slavery in Blacks; and that upon the most mature Deliberation and for the strongest Reasons, which indeed are obvious to every considering Man, and which they are confirmed in by the Danger which has lately threatened South-Carolina by the Insurrection of the Negroes, and would be more imminent in Georgia, it being a Frontier. We trust you are satisfied with our recent revision of land tenure As to the Last, relating to the Tenure of Lands, the Trustees suppose you may have seen the Alteration which they have made since the Writing of your Letter, and they have no doubt but you are satisfied therewith, as the rest of the Colony are. We agree with Oglethorpe’s answer; please continue to improve your original settlements The Trustees have likewise received and considered your Petition to General Oglethorpe for a Settlement on Wilmington Island and his Answers thereto. They think his answers are of great Force and therefore they cannot make you a Grant there, but hope you will go on improving your Settlements on the Ogeeche River, which they perceive by your Letter May 26 that you had made a great Progress in. I am, Gentlemen, Your very Humble Servant, Benj. Martyn, Secretary. RETURN TO NARRATIVE To this they returned the following Answer: [1740-10-7 SAVANNAH SETTLERS ANNOUNCE THEIR INTENT TO LEAVE]

From 1741 A True and Historical Narrative edited by Amy On the 2nd of April last, a Fire broke out by Accident in a Smith's Forge in Savannah. It consumed almost one whole square. In the highest Rage of the devouring Flames, Mr. Thomas Jones stood like an idle Spectator with his Hands in his Bosom, and with the utmost Unconcernedness, insomuch, that when he was applied to by several of the miserable People for a small Quantity of Gun-Powder to blow up an adjoining House in order to prevent the Fire from spreading, his Answer was, “I can do nothing in it, I have no Orders concerning such Matters.”

From 1741 A True and Historical Narrative edited by Amy ABOUT the latter End of May, 1740, Mr. Oglethorpe set out with his Regiment for Florida, and soon after, the Carolina Forces (consisting of about Six Hundred Men) joined him, with about Three Hundred Indians, and Sixty High-Landers Volunteers from Darien, who were buoyed up by the General with the mighty Hopes of Reward; besides several Stragglers and Boatmen from other Parts of the Province and elsewhere; so that, exclusive of six Men of War, there might be about Fifteen Hundred effective Men assisting at the Siege (as it was called) of the Castle of St. Augustine: But we shall take no further Notice of this Affair except that as it has affected or may still affect the Colony of Georgia.

From 1741 A True and Historical Narrative edited by Amy The Place being alarmed, the High-Landers, with some others making in all One Hundred and Forty-One Men, were posted at Musa [Mose]. (this was small Fort about a Mile distant from the Castle which had been abandoned by the Spaniards at the General's first Approach) where they were soon after attacked by a superior Force of the Enemy, and a miserable Slaughter ensued. Scarcely one Third of the Number escaped, the others being either killed or taken Prisoners. Thus these poor People who at the Expense of their Consciences signed a Representation contrary to their own Interest and Experience and gave themselves entirely up to the General's Service, by their Deaths at once freed his Excellency from his Debts and Promises, and put an End to the Settlement of Darien; for there are now in that Place not one-fourth of the Number who settled there at first, and that is made up chiefly of Women and Children: and a Scout-Boat is stationed before the Town to prevent any of them from going off.

From 1741 A True and Historical Narrative edited by Amy THIS Siege was raised about the latter End of July. The General and the Remainder of his Regiment returned to Frederica. The Carolina Forces were shipped off for that Province. The few Georgians that were left returned as soon as they were allowed to their several Homes in a miserable Condition. The Indians marched towards their respective Countries, very much weakened and discontented. The Cherokees returned (as they came) by Savannah, and of One Hundred and Ten healthy men, only about Twenty got to their Nation; the Rest either perished by Sickness or were slain. And thus ended the Campaign in Florida.

From 1741 A True and Historical Narrative edited by Amy DURING these Transactions, Savannah decayed steadily. In August and September the same Year, people went away by Twenties in a Vessel. One would have thought the Place must have been entirely forsaken, for just in these two Months, about One Hundred Souls out of the County of Savannah left the Colony. Many others have since left it, and we believe more will leave it very soon.

From 1741 A True and Historical Narrative edited by Amy To the Honorable the Trustees for establishing the Colony of Georgia in America, at their Office near Old Palace Yard Westminister. Honorable Gentlemen, You must not have truly considered our previous reports of failure on the Ogeeche WE have received a Letter signed by your Secretary of the 25th March last, acknowledging Receipt of ours to the Trustees dated the 26th May 1739, in which we set forth the Expense we had been at in prosecuting our Settlement on the Ogeeche River, together with the Impossibility of carrying on any Settlement with Success in this Colony according to the present Constitution. As an additional Confirmation of that, we then presented your Honors with a current account, carried on from the Commencement of our Settlement on the Ogeeche and continued till we were drove thence by the strongest Appearances of Destruction arising from having expended our ALL in the strenuous Prosecution of an impracticable Scheme. Here, it appears to us you have neither considered our Letter or Account; otherwise you never would have advised us to return to a Place on which we have already in vain consumed so much Time and Money. Your answer was no answer at all, but a flat refusal to consider our rightful demands We have seen and seriously considered every Paragraph of a printed Paper, entitled, The Answer of the Trustees for establishing the Colony of Georgia in America, to the Representation from the Inhabitants of Savannah; which, in our humble Opinion, is no Answer at all; but rather an absolute Refusal of Demands to which we are legally entitled under the specious Pretenses of Guardianship and Fatherly Care, without having answered one Sentence or confuted by Strength of argument any part of our Assertions. We should not be judged by other people’s mistakes Because our Neighboring Province (of which you are pleased to take Notice) has by an Introduction of too great Numbers abused the Use of Negroes; or because an undoubted Property in our Land Possessions might prove detrimental or hurtful to idle, profligate or abandoned People, it does not at all follow, that we should be debarred the Use of Negroes for the Field or the more laborious Parts of Culture under prudent Limitations, or that sober and virtuous Men should be deprived of just Titles to their Properties. You should not have trusted the counter-petitions from Darien; they were bribed We are surprised that your Honors mention the Representations of the People of the Darien as a Confirmation of the Unreasonableness of our Demands. If you knew the Motives by which these People were induced to present you with one or more Petitions contradictory to our Representation, the Welfare of the Colony, and their own consciences, we are persuaded you never would have offered them as Reasons for rejecting the Representation from Savannah. They were bought with a Number of Cattle and extensive Promises of future Rewards. A little present Interest made them forget or neglect their future, The petition from Savannah came from true oppression and honest signatures whereas the People of this Place, duly sensible of the Miseries and Calamities they have suffered and still labor under, freely and voluntarily put their Hands to the Representation of this Part of the Province. No artful Means were used to induce them to it. No artful Man or Men, Negro Merchants or others, persuaded them to it. Dismal Poverty and the most absolute Oppression were the true Fountains from whence our Complaints proceeded. Darien’s signers were rewarded with a bloody battle at St. Augustine But how miserably were these inconsiderate, deluded Wretches rewarded? They were soon after carried against St. Augustine, placed on a dangerous Post, where they were all or most of them cut off or taken Prisoners by the Enemy. This has put a Period to the Settlement of Darien, of which so many great Things have been falsely reported. What could possibly have caused Georgia to fail other that what we proposed? With Regard to our Representation, we shall only make one Supposition, which it's almost impossible can have happened. That this and all the other Representations, Letters, Suits, or Petitions made to the Trustees have been entirely false and groundless. What can have seduced the Colony to the Situation in which it now is? What can have reduced its Inhabitants to one-sixth of the Number which we have known to reside here? Or lastly, what is reason for the starving and despicable Condition of the Few that are now left? Is it not, as well as every other Matter which we have before urged, owing to and occasioned by the unanswerable Reasons at different Times given and laid before your Honors by honest Men (independent of you) who were and are the chief Sufferers in this Colony, and who could not be bribed to conceal or terrified from declaring their Sentiments? There won’t be any descendants left in Georgia to call you to account Your Honors may readily and safely join issue with us in our Appeal to Posterity, who were their best * Friends, &c. for it is certain and obvious that if the Trustees are resolved to adhere to their present Constitution, they or their Successors are in no great Danger of being called to any Account by our descendants in Georgia. (*quoting their Answer to the Representation) Your alterations to the constitution are useless snares We have likewise seen and read the Alterations Mr. Martyn mentions to have been made by your Honors regarding the Tenure of Lands, together with a fictitious abridgement of the same affixed to the most public Places at Savannah. Mr. Martyn in his Letter is pleased to tell us that your Honors imagine we are satisfied with your alterations because the rest of the Colony is. The rest of the colony? Some few perhaps may have expressed themselves satisfied, but we will say no worse of such few than that your Honors will soon realize that even they are Deceivers. It's true such Alterations and the Paper entitled “An Answer to our Representation” are artfully penned and undoubtedly for a while amuse even Men of the best Sense in Europe or elsewhere who are Strangers to the Colony of Georgia. But any Man of common Understanding or the least Penetration, who by an unfortunate Experience has been well-acquainted with that Colony, can easily demonstrate that those very Papers are further Snares to increase our Miseries. It is impossible for these Alterations to enable us to subsist ourselves and Families any more than before, much less to put us in a Capacity of recovering our already sunk Fortunes and Loss of Time. Our island request was rejected because we would not contradict ourselves and become permanent vassals Some Time in the Summer 1739, (while we still expected agreeable Alterations to have followed our Representation) we applied more than once to General Oglethorpe, as one of the Trustees, for the same Tract of Land which we have since been refused by your Honors. But our Petitions and Applications were rejected. And for what Reason? Because indeed we refused to contradict our own Representation and become Villains as some others did. We would not accept Settlements, Money, Horses, Cattle, and other valuable Considerations at the Expense of Betraying our Country and Contradicting our Consciences by signing a Paper which was prepared and offered to us, purporting a Repentance of the Measures we had taken for our own relief and the Relief of other distressed British Subjects. Our compliance would have been an approval of a Scheme which appears to have been designed to form a Colony of Vassals whose Properties and Liberties were at all Times to have been disposed of at the Option of their Superiors. You have been duped by Oglethorpe’s puppet appointments for administration here Such and many other Methods of Corruption have been too often practiced in this Colony, but we refused and scorned such Actions, from Principles of which every honest Man ought to be possessed. We are not surprised to find that we have in vain applied to your Honors in several affairs, when we see you have been hitherto prepossessed by a Gentleman of superior Interest, with Informations and Assertions full of Resentment, and which we well know cannot stand the Test of an impartial Examination; but we are amazed and sorry to find that for so many Years he has used the method of Nominating Those who have been appointed from Time to Time, for the Administration of Justice and making an impartial Enquiry into and informing your Honors of the real Situation of the Colony of Georgia as such who have been implicitly obedient in carrying on his arbitrary Schemes of Government and oppressing the Inhabitants, as well fill conniving at the Deceiving your Honors and the Nation! Parliament will soon investigate and grant our wishes for the intended success of this colony Gentlemen, since we have no Favors to ask or Resentments to fear, we may with greater Freedom observe that we are in full Hopes that all we can justly ask will be granted us by a British Parliament, who we doubt not will soon make an Enquiry into the Grievances of oppressed Subjects who have formerly inhabited or do now inhabit the Colony of Georgia—that Colony which has cost so great an Expense to the Nation, and from which so great Benefits were promised and expected! Our reputations have been damaged, and you have been misled We are sensible of the liberties taken with our respective Characters in the Misrepresentation sent your Honors by partial Men. We are no less sensible that the Majority of the Trustees have been kept in the Dark with regard to our just Complaints and Representations, or that such Complaints have been communicated to them in Lights distant from Truth. We have Reason to believe that two-thirds of the Honorable Board are either misinformed of or entire Strangers to the barbarous and destructive Schemes carried on in this miserable Colony. We hope our characters will appear wholesome We hope it will ever long appear to your Honors and the World (whatever has been advanced to the control) that we are honest Men, free from any base Design, free from any mutinous Spirit, who have only stood firm for the Recovery of our lost Privileges which have been secretly and under the most specious Pretenses withdrawn from us by some designing and self-interested Men. We hate to hurt the character of any Trustee, but we are forced to speak the truth We are sorry to write disrespectfully of any one of the Trustees, but when distressed and oppressed People arrive at the last Extremities, it must be supposed they will neither be ashamed to publish their Misfortunes nor afraid of imputing their Calamities to the Fountain from whence they spring. We believe the Board in general is honorable, but duped Far be it from us in any Shape to reflect in general on the Honorable Board, who we still believe are Gentlemen of Honor and Reputation, who would not be accessary to any sinister or base Designs. But we can't help thinking that they are deluded and brought to pursue Measures inconsistent with the Welfare and Prosperity of the Colony by some who of the whole Corporation are only acquainted with the particular Situation of it, and who must therefore willfully and from Design form and prepare destructive Schemes for the perishing Inhabitant of Georgia, and by unfair Representations of Persons and things, draw the Approbation of the greater Part of the Honorable Board to such Measures for the Oppression of Majesty's Subjects, which they would, if they were impartially informed, scorn think of, far less agree to. We are in ruins and the Spaniards are reinforced General Oglethorpe with all his Forces has been obliged to raise the Siege of St. Augustine, and we have Reason to believe the impending Ruin of this Colony will be thereby determined. The Spaniards are now reinforced. The General's Army is harassed and weakened. The Indians are provoked and discontented. Everything looks dismal. But as his Conduct in and the Consequences of these Affairs will be soon published to the World, and as we doubt not we have already incurred your Honor's Displeasure by reciting thus freely the many Hardships which we have here and formerly asserted to have been the Causes of our Ruin, We are finally leaving this place of no hope, and hope our motives will always show pure We shall now forbear and conclude by adding that the extremity of our misfortunes has at last rendered us utterly incapable of staying here any longer. Though all the Money we have expended on Improvements in the Colony is now of no Advantage to us here, nor can be elsewhere, yet poor as we are, we shall think ourselves happy when we are gone from a Place where Nothing but Poverty and Oppression subsists. Therefore, we hope, if ever this or any other Paper or Letter of ours shall appear in Public, your Honors will impute each Publication to have proceeded from no other Motives besides a thorough knowledge of our duty to ourselves, our Fellow Subjects and Sufferers, and to prevent others in the Future from being deluded in the same Manner as we have been, who are, with the greatest Respect, Honorable Gentlemen, Your most humble Servants. Signed, Da. Douglass, Wm. Stirling, Tho. Baillie. Georgia, Savannah, 10 August, 1740.

From 1741 A True and Historical Narrative edited by Amy October 1740. The Boats with their Hands which the General employed at that unfortunate Expedition, he neither will pay subsist or let depart from that Place. However, they are stealing away by Degrees. (*We are now informed they all got away, some being paid a some pot.)

From 1741 A True and Historical Narrative edited by Amy At this Time, of about Five Thousand Souls that had at various Embarkations arrived in the Colony of Georgia (not counting the Regiment), barely as many Hundreds remain; and those consist of: • the Saltzburghers at Ebenezer, who are supported yearly from Germany and England; • the People of Frederica, who are supported by Means of the Regiment • the poor Remainder of the Darien • a few Orphans and others under that Denomination, supported by Mr. Whitefield, together with some Dutch Servants maintained for doing Nothing by the Trustees, with Thirty or Forty necessary tools to keep the others in Subjection And Those make up the poor Remains of the miserable Colony of GEORGIA! (*We have excluded the Settlement of Augusta, it being upon a quite different Footing.)

From 1741 A True and Historical Narrative edited by Amy HAVING now brought down this Work to the Month of October, 1740, being about the Time most of the Authors of this NARRATIVE were obliged to leave that fatal Colony; we shall conclude the whole with a Geographical and Historical Account of its present State. Georgia’s climate GEORGIA lies in the 30 and 31 Degrees of North Latitude. The Air generally clear, the Rains being much shorter and heavier than in England. The Dews are very great. Thunder and Lightning are expected almost every Day in May, June, July and August; they are very terrible, especially to a Stranger. During those Months, from Ten in the Morning to Four in the Afternoon, the Sun is extremely scorching; but the Sea-breeze sometimes blows from Ten till Three or Four. The Winter is nearly of the same Length as in England, but the Mid-day Sun is always warm, even when the Mornings and Evenings are very sharp and the Nights piercing Cold. Georgia’s land and natural fruit The Land is of Four Sorts: Pine Barren, Oak Land, Swamp land, and Marsh. Georgia’s Pine Land The Pine Land is of far the greatest Extent, especially near the Sea-Coasts. The Soil of this is a dry, whitish Sand, producing Shrubs of several Sorts, and between the shrubs grows a harsh, coarse kind of Grass which Cattle do not love to eat. But here and there is a little of a better Kind, especially in the Savannas (so they call the low, watery Meadows which are usually intermixed with Pine Lands). It bears naturally two sorts of Fruit: Hurtle-Berries [blueberries?] much like those in England, and Chinquopin-Nuts, a dry Nut about the Size of a small Acorn. A laborious Man may in one Year clear and plant four or five Acres of this Land. The first Year, it will produce from two to four Bushels of Indian Corn, and from four to eight of Indian Pease per Acre. The second Year, it usually bears much about the same. The third, less; the fourth, little or nothing. It bears peaches well, and also the White Mulberry which serves to feed the Silk-Worms. The Black mulberry is about the Size of a Black Cherry, and has much the same Flavor. Georgia’s Oak Land The Oak Land commonly lies in narrow Streaks between Pine Land and Swamps, Creeks, or Rivers. The Soil is a blackish Sand, producing several Kinds of Oak, Bay, Laurel, Ash, Walnut, Sumach and Gum Trees, a sort of Sycamore, Dog Trees and Hickory. In the choicest Part of this Land grow Parsimon Trees, and a few Black Mulberry and American Cherry Trees. The common wild Grapes are of two sorts, both red: the Fox Grape grow two or three only on a Stalk, is thick-skinned, large stoned, of a harsh Taste, and of the Size of a small Cherry; the Cluster Grape is of a harsh Taste too, and about the Size of a white Curran. This Land requires much Labor to clear; but when it is cleared, it will bear any Grain, for three, four or five Years sometimes without laying any Manure upon it. An Acre of it generally produces Ten Bushels of Indian Corn, besides five of Pease, in a Year. This is rightly esteemed the most valuable Land in the Province since white People are incapable of clearing and cultivating the Swamps. Georgia’s swamp land A Swamp is any low, watery Place covered with Trees or Canes. There are three sorts here: Cypress, River and Cane Swamps. Cypress Swamps are mostly large Ponds, in and around which Cypresses grow. Most River Swamps are overflown on every Side by the River which runs through or near them; if they were drained, they would produce good Rice, as would the Cane Swamps also, which in the meantime are the best Feeding for all Sorts of Cattle. Georgia’s marsh land and sea islands The Marshes are of two sorts: soft, wet Marsh which is all a Quagmire and absolutely good for Nothing, and hard Marsh which is a firm Sand, but somehow at some Seasons is good for feeding Cattle. Marshes of both sorts abound on the Sea-Islands, which are very numerous and contain all sorts of Land. Cedar Trees grow on these chiefly, near Creeks and Runs of Water. Five-acres is the max the strongest man could maintain Considering no Land can be sowed (or at least what is sowed preserved) till it is enclosed, five Acres is the utmost a very able and laborious Man can propose to manage. This is the Quantity allotted for the Task of a Negro in the Neighboring Province, yet a Negro works four Hour each Day more than a white Man can do. A prosperous season is unrealistic here A prosperous Season without Disappointments does not happen here due to such small improvements as can be expected in an infant Colony one Year in five. Either Drought burns or Rain drowns the Corn and makes the Pease fall out of the Pod. Deer (which no Fences can keep out) devour those little Settlements in a Night. Rats and Squirrels do the same. Birds eat the Seed out of the Ground and dig up the Blade after it is spired. A variety of Worms and Insects devour half of it. But let us suppose none of those Evils happened. Let us view the Amount of the Produce possible, valued at the highest going rate: Max possible production on Pine Land The Produce of five Acres of Pine Land raised by one Hand, the first Year, l.s.d. Indian Corn, 20 Bushels at 10s. Currency per Bushel. 150 Sterling. Indian Pease, 40 Bush. at ditto. 2100 Total of first Years Produce, 3150 The second Year the same; the third less, the fourth little or nothing. Max possible production on Oak Land Best Oak Land, five Acres Corn 15 Bushels Pease per Acre, is 75 Bushels ditto Price, is 4 l. 13 s. 9 d. Sterling. The labor and tool cost is three times the produce return Now consider the Maintenance of every single white Servant per Annum at the lowest Rate. Then the Reader will be able to judge whether white People can get their Livelihood by planting Land in this Climate without Negroes. And the Allowance to the Trustees’ Dutch Servants being the Least at which any white Servant could be maintained in Georgia, we shall therefore take our Estimation from it, which is Eight Pence Sterling per Day or 12 l. 3 s. 4 d. Sterl. per Annum; so that at a Medium, the Expense is three Times greater than the Produce, besides Tools, Medicines and other Necessaries. Farming rice is a deadly job The Proportion of Pine Barren to good Swamp or Oak Land is at least six to one. The vast majority of the small Lots have none or very little Oak Land. Even if they had Swamp land that would bear Rice, white People are unable to clear them if they are covered with Trees. Even if the swamp land was covered only with Canes, which is the easiest to cultivate, it would be impossible to manufacture the Rice by white Men. The Exercise is so severe that no Negro can be employed in any other Work or Labor comparable to it. Hundreds of them each year lose their Lives by that necessary Work, despite all the Care of their Masters. SAVANNAH stands on a flat Bluff (that’s what they call a high Land hanging over a Creek or River). The bluff rises about Forty Feet perpendicular from the River and commands it several Miles both upwards and downwards. If it weren’t for a Point of Woods about four Miles down the River that stretches itself out towards the South-East, one might have a View of the sea and the island of Tybee. The Soil is a white Sand for over a Mile South-East and North-West. East of this is a River Swamp. Oglethorpe reserves the best land for the Indians West is a small Body of Wood-land in which was the old Indian Town. A creek separates this wood-land from a large Tract of Land which runs upwards along the River for about five Miles. It is by far the best land near the Town, but General Oglethorpe declares it is reserved for the Indians, as are also some of the Islands in the River Savannah, and the three most valuable Islands upon all the Coast of that Province, namely Ossiba, St. Katherine [Catherine], and Sapula [Sapelo]. The Public Garden doesn’t grow because it is on barren land South-West of the Town is a Pine Barren that extends about fourteen Miles to the Vernon River. On the East Side of the Town is situated the Public Garden. This garden is actually ten Acres enclosed on a barren Piece of Land. It is hardly possible for what is planted to live, and impossible to thrive. All the Planters were supposed to have been furnished with Mulberry-Trees, &c. from this garden. The town’s layout is beautiful The Plan of the Town was beautifully laid out in Wards, Tythings, and Public Squares left at proper Distances for Markets and Public Buildings. The whole thing is nicely uniform. The Public Works in this Town are: 1. A Courthouse, being one handsome Room with a piache on three Sides This also serves for a Church for Divine Service, since no church was ever built, despite the fact that the Trustees in their Public Acts acknowledge the Receipt of about Seven Hundred Pounds Sterling from charitable Persons for that express Purpose. 2. Opposite to Courthouse stands the Logg House or Prison. It is the only one remaining of five or six that have been successively built in Savannah. The prison is that Place of Terror and Support of absolute Power in Georgia. 3. Near the prison is a House built of Loggs, at a very great public cost for the Trustees’ Steward. The Foundation below ground is already rotten, as the whole structure will soon be because the Roof is flat. The Rain comes in at all Parts of it. (*In August, 1740, a new Foundation was begun.) 4. The Store-house, which has been altered many Times at a very great public cost. It now serves as a Store only for the private Benefit of one or two. 5. The Guard-house that was first built on the Bluff soon decayed, as did a second through improper Management. The one now standing is the third. Several Flag-Staffs were also erected, the last of which, according to common Report, cost 50 l. Sterling. 6. A Public Mill for grinding Corn was first erected at a considerable Expense in one Square of the Town. In about three years’ time (without doing the least service) it fell to the Ground. In another Square of the Town a second was started at a far greater Expense. It was never finished. It is now erased and converted into a House for entertaining the Indians and other such like Uses. 7. Wells and Pumps were made at a great cost, but they were immediately choked up and never rendered useful. This Grievance was frequently represented both to the General and Magistrates. The lack of Wells obliged the Inhabitants to use the River Water, which all Summer long is polluted with putrid Marshes and countless insects that deposit their Ova there, along with putrefied carcasses of Animals and corrupted vegetables. This no doubt caused much of the Sickness that swept off many. Savannah looks like a ghost town now Several of the Houses built by Free-holders without male heirs have fallen to the Trustees (even ignoring the lawful Creditors of the Deceased). They are disposed of as the General thinks proper. At least two hundred lots were taken up in Savannah, about one hundred and seventy of which were built upon. Several of these had more than one House upon them. A great many of these are now in ruins, and many more shut up and abandoned. The Town appears very desolate. Barely one-fourth of its Inhabitants remain, and most of those are in a miserable Condition for lack of the proper Necessaries of Life. St. SIMONS Island is bordered on the East by the Gulf of Florida. All other sides are bordered by Branches of the Alatamaha [Altamaha]. It is about One Hundred Miles South of Savannah and extends about Twenty miles long and anywhere from two to five Miles wide. Frederica on St. Simons Island, was once populated military town, now it’s desolate On the west side of St. Simons, on a low Bluff, stands FREDERICA. Frederica has Woods to the North and South. To the East is partly Woods, partly Savannas, and partly Marsh. The soil is mostly blackish Sand. The fortifications are augmented since the retreat from Augustine, and here lie most of the remains of General Oglethorpe's Regiment. Frederica was laid out in Form of a Crescent. It was divided into 144 lots, and about 50 of those were built upon. Despite the Circulation of the Regiment’s money, Frederica has no more than 120 Men, Women, and Children, and these are daily stealing away by all possible Ways. Before the Attempt on St. Augustine, three Companies of the soldiers were stationed on the Sea Point about five Miles southeast of the Town. The officers built several pretty houses there, and many lots were allocated and entered by soldiers. Most, if not all, of the Sea Point is now desolate. Several of the Officers of the Regiment brought over Servants to cultivate Land. Colonel Cochran brought 20 Servants, Lieut. Horton at Jekyl brought 16 Servants, Capt. Gascoign at least as many. They are all gone. And according to our best Information, about Two Hundred of the Regiment are diminished. Poor Darien only has 53 left from the 250 Scot Highlanders who settled there About 20 miles northwest from St. Simons, is DARIEN, the Settlement of the Scots High-Landers. The town is situated on the mainland close to a Branch of the Alatamaha River, on a Bluff 20 Feet high. The Town is surrounded on all sides with Woods. The Soil is a blackish Sand. Nearly 250 people Settled here. In Spring 1736, they built a large Fort for their own Protection. The poor Remains of these are now no more than 53, more than two-thirds of which are Women and Children. There are also besides eleven of the Trustees’ Servants enlisted as Soldiers and stationed there under the Command of an Officer in order to keep the others from going away. Nevertheless, they are making their Escape daily. Fort St. Andrews is the southernmost settlement with two companies of the regiment mostly moved into Frederica The Southernmost Settlement in Georgia is FORT St. ANDREWS, 50 Miles South of Frederica. It sits on the Southwest side of Cumberland Island upon a high Neck of Land which commands the River both Ways. The fort walls are of Wood filled up with Earth, round which are a Ditch and Pallisade. Two Companies of General Oglethorpe's Regiment were formerly stationed there, but tore now mostly drawn to Frederica. The Carr/Carteret plantation is abandoned, and Spaniards attacked some soldiers stationed there Opposite Frederica on the mainland were settled Messrs. Carr and Carteret with more than 20 Servants. They had cleared a considerable Tract of Land, but that Plantation is now abandoned and their servants either dead or dispersed. We recently heard from Frederica that the General had stationed 10 or 12 Men there, who were then attacked by Spaniards or Spanish Indians. Four were killed, four carried off, and two left wounded. The Saltzburghers moved, now there is Old and New Ebenezer, six miles east NEW EBNEZER, to which the Saltzburghers removed from their former Habitation at Old Ebenezer, consists of about 100 people under the Government of Mr. Boltzius, their Pastor. They live and labor in a kind of Community and never commix or associate with Strangers. They have been hitherto liberally supported both from Germany and England, and their Right and Privileges have been much more extensive than any others in the Colony. This Town lies six miles east of the old one on a high Bluff on the side of Savanna River, 40 Miles from Savannah. Nearby on a Creek of the same River was built a Sawmill, which cost of the Public Money above 1500 l. Sterl. but, like most other public Works, is now entirely ruinous. Abercorn is empty About Ten Miles East of Ebenezer on a Creek three Miles from the River was the Village of ABERCORN. In the Year 1733, there were ten Families settled there, and several afterwards. In the Year 1737, Mr. John Brodie with twelve Servants settled there: But all those are gone, and it is now a Heap of Ruins. Joseph’s Town is empty; most of the servants died Four Miles below Abercorn on the River side is Joseph's Town, which was the Settlement of some Scots Gentlemen with thirty Servants; but they have now left it, most of their Servants having died there. A long list of abandoned settlements A Mile below on the River side is the Settlement where Sir Francis Bathurst, with twelve in Family and Servants, was placed, now in Ruins, without an Inhabitant. A Quarter of a Mile below was the Settlement of Walter Augustine, with six in Family: Within this Settlement was another Mill erected, at the Charge of above 800 l. Sterling, all now in Ruins, without an Inhabitant. A Mile below is Landiloe, the Settlement of Mr. Robert Williams, with forty Servants, who made large Improvements there and continued for four Years planting each Season with great Industry in various shapes, still expecting (with the other Settlers) an Alteration in the Constitution. After sinking a great deal of Money, he was obliged to leave it with the Loss of above Two Thousand Pounds Sterling. It is now uninhabited and very much decayed. Next below that is the Five hundred Acre Tract belonging to Dr. Patrick Tailfer, which was settled but found impracticable to proceed upon by Reason of the Hardships and Restrictions in the Colony. Next to that is Mr. Jacob Mathews’ Plantation (formerly Mr. Musgrove’s) called the Cow-pen, who lived there some Time with ten Servants; but has now left it, and keeps only two or three to look after his Cattle. Adjoining to this was Mr. Cooksey's Settlement, with five in Family; now entirely abandoned. Next to this was Capt. Watson’s Plantation, with a good House, now in Ruins. All these lie upon the side of the River. And upon the East and Southward were the Settlements of Young, Emery, Polhil and Warwick; all forsaken. Yamacra is still there Next upon the River side is the Indian Land before mentioned, separated from the foregoing Settlements by a Creek, and running all along to the Town: A little below this Creek is a Place called Irene, where Mr. John Wesley built a pretty good House for an Indian School; but he soon wearied of that Undertaking and left it. A little below this is the Indian Town called New-Yamacra, were the Remainder of Tomo Chachi's [Tomochichi] Indians reside. Five Miles Southwest of Savannah on a small Rise stands the Village of Highgate. Twelve Families were settled here in 1733, mostly French, now reduced to Two. A Mile Eastward of this is Hampstead, where several German Families were settled in 1733, and some others since, now reduced to none. Five Miles South-East of Savannah, is THUNDERBOLT, where there was a good Timber Fort and three Families with twenty Servants were settled; but it is now all in Ruins and abandoned. Four Miles South of this is the Island of Skiddoway, on the North-East Point whereof Ten Families were settled in 1733; now reduced to none. A Creek divides Skiddoway from TYBEE Island, on the South-East Part of which, fronting the Inlet, the Light-House is built: Twelve Families were settled here in 1734, who have now forsaken it. Twelve Miles Southward by Land from Savannah, is Mr. Houston's Plantation, kept with one Servant. And, About Thirty Miles from that, up the River Ogeeche, was the Settlements of Messrs. Stirlings, &c. with Twenty-five Servants: This Place, when they went there, was the Southermost Settlement in the Colony, and very * remote; so that they were obliged to build; at their own Expense and at a considerable Charge, a strong Wooden Fort for their Defence. And the said Messrs. Stirlings having resided there about three Years with the Servants, they were oblig'd to leave it after having exhausted their Fortunes to no Purpose in the Experiment. * This was the only Spot allow'd them to settle upon, any other Place being refused. Escaped prisoners killed a woman and servant left home alone at Fort Argyle Twenty Miles above this, on a high Bluff on the same River, stands Fort Argyle, a small square Wooden Fort, Musket-Proof. A Body of Horse called the Southern Rangers were stationed there for several Years under the Command of Capt. James Macpherson. They were paid by the Government of Carolina but have been discharged for some Time. After that, ten Families had settled here and around it; now all gone. The Fort itself was left garrisoned by one Officer, one Dutch Servant, and one Woman. They were recently surprised in the Officer's Absence by two Prisoners that broke out of the Logg-house in Savannah, and both murdered. Near the Mouth of Vernon River on a kind of Island called Hope Isle are the Settlements of Messrs. John Fallowfield, Henry Parker and Noble Jones. They have made some Improvements there, mostly by Mr. Fallowfield. He has a pretty little convenient House and Garden with a considerable stock of Hoggs, and some Cattle, &c. and where he generally resides with his Family. Nearby on a Piece of Land which commands the * Narrows is a Timber Building called Jones's Fort. It serves for two Uses: to support Mr. Noble Jones, who is Commander of it, and to prevent the poor People of Frederica from getting to any other Place, where they might be able to support themselves. (*This is a narrow Passage, thro' which Boats are obliged to pass and repass in going to and from the South) About three Miles South-East of Savannah, upon Augustine Creek, lies Oxstead, the Settlement of Mr. Thomas Causton, improved by many Hands and at a great Charge, where he now resides with a few Servants. Betwixt Oxstead and the Town of Savannah lie: 1. Hermitage, the Settlement of Mr. Hugh Anderson, who had seventeen in Family and Servants; but he was obliged both to leave that and retire from the Colony about two Years ago, upon Account of the general Hardships. 2. The Settlements of Mr. Thomas Christie and six others belonging to the Township of Savannah: all now forsaken. 3. The Settlements of the Germans of Count Zinzendorff who were twenty Families; which are likewise now entirely abandoned, they having all gone to other Colonies. Upon the West side of Savannah, lie the Township Lots of the Jews, now deserted, (they having all gone to other Colonies, except three or four ) as are all others on that Quarter, excepting one or two. About three Miles from Savannah, on the South, the Settlement of Mr. William Williamson is in the same Condition. The Trustee’s example land flopped Also the Settlement belonging to the Trustees adjoining to Mr. Williamson's; which was committed by them to the Care of Mr. William Bradley, their Steward, to be cultivated and improved by him at their Charge as an Example to others and to satisfy themselves what Improvements in Land were practicable by white Servants. The Event might have opened the Eyes of any that would see: Upwards of twenty, sometimes thirty Servants were employed. More than 2,000 Pounds Sterling expended in the Experiment; and never so much of any kind of Grain raised from it, as would have maintained the Numbers employed about it six Months: It now lies on a Parr with the most ruinous Plantation in Georgia. Thomas Jones tried a new plantation last year and paid a ton of labor for not 100 bushels of corn Part of their Dutch Sergeants have been employed last Year by Mr. Thomas Jones, upon a new Plantation about a Mile to the Southward of Savannah; They were Twenty-five in Number, and maintain'd at the Expense of 8 d. sterling each per Diem; and we have lately been credibly informed, the Whole Produce did not exceed One Hundred Bushels of Corn. 1740-3 A great Orphan House begun and never finished The Orphan-House is situated about fourteen Miles Southeast of Savannah: This famous Work was begun in March, 1740. During the space of six Months, there were about One Hundred Men, Women and Children, maintained and employed about it. According to their own Calculation, they have expended near 4,000 Pounds Sterling. But ever since Mr. Whitefield left Georgia the latter End of August in the same Year, it has decayed steadily; for, besides those he then carried to the Northward with him, a great many have since left them; and their Money growing short, they were soon obliged to discharge most of the Workmen; besides of late, many Divisions have arisen amongst them: In short, the Design seems to be drawing near a close, although at this Time the House itself is scarcely half finished: It is built upon a low Pine Barren, surrounded on one Side with a large Tract of salt Marsh, extending to Vernon River, to which they have a Passage by Water when the Tides are up for small Craft; on the other Side it is surrounded with Woods; They have cleared about ten Acres of Ground, and have built several Houses and Huts. The Frame of the Orphan-House is up, the Roof shingled, and the Sides weather boarded: It is sixty Feet in Length, forty Feet wide: It has two Stories besides Cellars and Garrets; the Cellars are built Brick, which likewise serves, for a Foundation to the whole Building: It would certainly be a fine Piece of Work, if finished; but if it were finished, where is the Fund for its support? and what Service can an Orphan-House be in a Desert and a forsaken Colony? About three or four Miles from the Orphan-House, on the side of Vernon River, William Stephens, Esq; (formerly mentioned) has a Plantation with five or six Servants, who have cleared about seven or eight Acres: However if he reaps no Benefit from them, he is at as little cost to maintain them because the Trustees allow him so many Servants, and cover their Maintenance. As it would be too tedious to mention particularly the Township or five and forty-five Acre Lots, being in all about One Hundred that were settled; we need only therefore in general say that there are few or none of them but what are in the same Condition with those before specified, in other words. ruinous and desolate. Augusta thrives due to better soil, Indian trade, and illegal Negro labor The last Place we shall mention is AUGUSTA 200 Miles up the River from Savannah, on the same Side. It was founded in 1737 at a considerable cost under the Direction of one Mr. Roger Lacy, being at that Time Agent to the Cherokee Nation: It is principally, if not altogether, inhabited by Indian Traders and Store-keepers, the Number of whom may now be about thirty or upwards. A considerable Quantity of Corn has been raised there. To account for this outlier, we shall only assign two Reasons: 1. The goodness of the Land, so great a Distance from the Sea, is richer than in the maritime Parts. 2. More importantly, the Settlers there are indulged in and connived at the Use of Negroes, by whom they execute all the laborious Parts of Culture. Upwards of Eighty Negroes are now in the Augusta Settlements. We do not observe this as if it gives us any Uneasiness that our Fellow-Planters are indulged in what is so necessary for their Wellbeing, but we may be allowed to regret that we and so many British Subjects who stood much more in need of them, should have been ruined for Want of such Assistance. HAVING now taken a Survey of the Colony of Georgia, we shall conclude this Treatise by taking Notice of two or three of the most remarkable Transactions in it since last October. [...] Spaniards attack Carteret settlement at Frederica (repeated) We have recently been informed from Frederica, that the General having stationed twelve Men upon the Place which was the Settlement of Messrs. Ker and Carteret before mentioned, they were attacked by Spaniards or Spanish Indians, and four were killed, four carried off, and two wounded. People are escaping Frederica and Darient A good many of the People have come away from Frederica lately. In order to get away, they had to make excuses such as going a Hunting upon the Islands, & c. We are informed that some Differences have happened between the General and some of the Magistrates there, and that in the Place of one of them he has appointed one of his waiting Boys. Several of the poor Remainder of the Darien People have likewise escaped, despite the Body of Forces stationed there to prevent them from leaving. Hopefully this is enough detail; it’s all we could afford HAVING thus brought this Historical Narrative within the Compass proposed, and endeavored to dispose the Material in as distinct a Method and Series as the necessary Conciseness would allow, we readily admit that the Design is far from being complete. To have acquainted the World with all the Hardships and Oppressions which have been exercised in the Colony of Georgia would have required both a larger Volume than we were capable of publishing and more Time than we could bestow. We therefore satisfy ourselves that we have, with Care and Sincerity, executed so much of the Design as may pave the Way to any others who can descend more minutely to Particulars. Those who are best acquainted with the Affairs of that Colony will be most capable of judging how tenderly we have touched both Persons and Things. IT only remains, that we in a few Paragraphs endeavor to exhibit to the View of the Reader the REAL Causes of the Ruin and Desolation of the Colony; and those briefly are the following: 1. Representing the Climate, Soil, &c. of Georgia in false and too flattering Colors; at least, not contradicting those Accounts when publicly printed and dispersed, and satisfying the World in a true and genuine Description thereof. 2. Restricting the Tenure of Lands from a Fee simple to Tail-Male, cutting off Daughters and all other Relations. 3. Restraining the Proprietor from selling, disposing of, or leasing any Possession. 4. Restricting too much the Extent of Possessions; it being impossible that fifty Acres of good Land, much less Pine Barren, could maintain a white Family. 5. Laying the Planter under a Variety of Restraints in clearing, fencing, planting, &c. which was impossible to be complied with. 6. Exacting a much higher Quit-Rent than the richest Grounds in North-America can bear. 7. Chiefly- Denying the Use of Negroes, and persisting in such Denial after, by repeated Applications, we had humbly remonstrated the Impossibility of making Improvements to any Advantage with white Servants. 8. Denying us the Privilege of being judged by the Laws of our Mother Country; and subjecting the Lives and Fortunes of all People in the Colony, to one Person or Set of Men, who assumed the Privilege, under the Name of a Court of Chancery, of Acting according to their own Will and Fancy. 9. General Oglethorpe's taking upon him to nominate Magistrates, appoint Justices of the Peace, and to do many other such Things, without ever exhibiting to the People any legal Commission or Authority for so doing. 10. Neglecting the proper Means for Encouraging the Silk and Wine-Manufactures; and disposing of the liberal Sums contributed by the Public, and by private Persons, in such Ways and Channels as have been of little or no Service to the Colony. 11. Misapplying or Keeping Sums of Money which have been appointed for particular Uses, such as Building a Church, &c. several Hundreds of Pounds Sterling (as we are inform'd) having been lodged in Mr. Oglethorpe's Hands for some Years by past, for that Purpose, and not one Stone of it yet laid. 12. Assigning certain fix'd Tracts of Land to those who came to settle in the Colony without any regard to the Quality of the Ground, Occupation, Judgment, Ability or Inclination of the Settler, &c. &c. &c. By these and many other such Hardships, the poor Inhabitants of Georgia are scattered over the Face of the Earth. Her Plantation a Wild. Her Towns a Desert. Her Villages in Rubbish. Her Improvements a By-Word. Her Liberties a Jest. An Object of Pity to Friends. An object of Insult, Contempt, and Ridicule to Enemies. THE END.

From 1741 A True and Historical Narrative edited by Amy ON the Tenth Day of November a Court was called at Savannah. At the court, Col. Stephens read a Paragraph of a Letter which he said was from the Trustee, desiring the Inhabitants to set forth their Miseries, Hardships and Difficulties in Writing, in order to have the Seal of the Colony annexed thereto, and so transmitted to the Trustees. Mr. Stephens gave the Recorder a Paper to read. In that paper, the Colony was described in a most flourishing Condition. In the Town of Augusta alone, there were said to be white People and Pack-horses employed in the Indian Trade enumerating the many useful, fine and curious Productions of it, such as Hedges with Pomegranates growing upon them, Wine, Silk, Oil, Wheat, &c. with many other Hyperboles. Mr. Stephens said he had gone to great Care and Pains for that paper, which he took to be a just Answer to the Trustees Letter, with the true State of the Colony. The poor People seeing the Absurdity and Falseness of it soon revealed their Dislike of it by leaving the Courthouse. Only eighteen people signed Stephens’s paper, every one of whom were supported in one Shape or other by the Public. Mr. Fallowfield, then on the Bench, used what Arguments he could to persuade Stephens that it made more sense for each Person to represent his own Case to the Trustees, and he perceived that’s what the Trustees expected. Stephens got passionate and said if they don’t sign this, they will get the Public Seal on no other Paper. It was no use what either he or the Recorder Mr. John Py could urge, and they very soon left the Court, declaring their Dislike and Abhorrence of such Proceedings. Immediately, Fallowfield and Py joined more than 60 other inhabitants and drew up a Remonstrance to the Trustees. They fully set forth the true State of the Colony with their own miserable Condition in it. This Paper, and soon after a Petition to the King and Council, &c. were recently transmitted to the Authors hereof, who immediately forwarded then for London; but as the Issue thereof is now depending, we don't think it proper to expose them to the Public.

[Simplified by Amy, Intro and preface only here; the rest is divvied up into the chronology] A True and Historical NARRATIVE Of the COLONY of GEORGIA, In America, From the First Settlement thereof until this present Period: Containing The most authentick Facts, Matters, and Transactions therein: TOGETHER WITH His Majesty's Charter, Representations of the People, Letters, &c. And A Dedication to His Excellency General Oglethorpe. By Patrick Tailfer, M. D. Hugh Anderson, M. A. Da. Douglas, and others, Landholders in Georgia, at present in Charles-Town, in South-Carolina. —Qui Deorum Muneribus sapienter uti, Duramq; callet Pauperiemq; pati, Pejusq; Letho Flagitium timer, Non ille pro caris Amicis Aut Patria timidus Perire. H. 4 O. Charles Town, South Carolina: Printed by P. Timothy, for the Authors, 1741. P. Force, Washington, 1835. To His Excellency James Oglethorpe, Esq; General and Commander in Chief of His Majesty's Forces in SOUTH CAROLINA and GEORGIA; and one of the Honorable Trustees for Establishing the Colony of Georgia in America, & c. DEDICATION TO OGLETHORPE Hopefully your name will attract more readers to this narrative May it please Your Excellency, AS the few surviving Remains of the Colony of Georgia find necessary to present the World (and in particular Great Britain) with a true State of that Province from its first Rise to its present Period, Your Excellency (of all Mankind) is best entitled to the Dedication, as the principal Author of its present Strength and Affluence, Freedom and Prosperity: And though incontestable Truths will recommend the following NARRATIVE to the patient and attentive Reader; yet your Name, SIR, will be no little Ornament to the Frontispiece, and may possibly engage some courteous Perusers a little beyond it. Hopefully we won’t flatter you too much THAT Dedication and Flattery are synonymous is the Complaint of every Dedicator, who deems himself ingenuous and fortunate if he can discover a less trite and direct Method of flattering than is usually practiced; but we are happily prevented from the least Intention of this kind by the repeated Offerings of the Muses and News-Writers to Your Excellency in the public Papers: It would be presumptuous even to dream of equaling or increasing them; We therefore flatter ourselves that Nothing we can say will in the least shock Your Excellency's Modesty; not doubting but your Goodness will pardon any Deficiency of Elegance and Politeness on account of our Sincerity and the serious Truth we have the Honor to approach you with. Other colonies have been established without rules and saw early success WE have seen the ancient Custom of sending forth Colonies for the Improvement of any distant Territory or new Acquisition continued down to ourselves; but to Your Excellency alone it is owing that the World is made acquainted with a Plan highly refined from those of all former Projecters. They fondly imagin'd it necessary to communicate to such young Settlements the fullest Rights and Properties, all the Immunities of their Mother Countries, and Privileges rather more extensive: By such Means indeed, these Colonies flourish'd with early Trade and Affluence; Oglethorpe protected us from corruption by keeping us poor but Your Excellency's Concern for our perpetual Welfare could never permit you to propose such transitory Advantages for us: You consider'd Riches like a Divine and Philosopher, as the Irritamenta Malorum, and knew that they tend to inflate weak Minds with Pride to pamper the body with Luxury, and introduce a long Variety of Evils. Thus have you Protected us from ourselves, as Mr. Waller says, by keeping all Earthly Comforts from us: You have afforded us the Opportunity of arriving at the Integrity of the Primitive Times, by intailing a more than Primitive Poverty on us: The Toil that is necessary to our bare Subsistence must effectually defend us from the Anxieties of any further Ambition: Since we have no Properties to feed Vain-Glory and beget Contention, we are not puzzled with any System of Laws to ascertain and establish them: You have kept us humble and focused by forbidding slaves and alcohol The valuable Virtue of Humility is secured to us by your Care to prevent our procuring, or so much as seeing, any Negroes, (the only human Creatures proper to improve our Soil) lest our Simplicity might mistake the poor Africans for greater slaves than ourselves: And so that we might fully receive the Spiritual Benefit of those wholesome Austerities, you have wisely denied us the Use of such Spirituous Liquors as might in the least divert our Minds from the Contemplation of our Happy Circumstances. We could go on forever about your greatness, but we could never do it justice OUR Subject swells upon us; and if we allowed ourselves to indulge our Inclination without considering our weak Abilities, we would be tempted to expound upon many of Your Excellency's extraordinary Endowments which do not so much regard the Affair at Hand. Not only would that lead us beyond the Bounds of a Dedication, but it would also engross a Subject too extensive for us, to the Prejudice of other Authors and Panegyrists; We shall therefore confine ourselves to that remarkable Scene of Your Conduct, whereby Great Britain in general and the Settlers of Georgia in particular are laid under such inexpressible Obligations. Just look at how strong we are at a phase when other colonies have failed BE pleased then, Great SIR, to accompany our heated Imaginations in taking a View of this Colony of Georgia! this Child of your auspicious Politicks! arrived at the utmost Vigor of its Constitution, at a phase when most former States have been straggling through the Convulsions of their Infancy. This early Maturity however, lessons our Admiration, that Your Excellency lives to see (what few Founders ever aspired after) the great Decline and almost final Termination of it. So many have finish'd their Course during the Progress of the Experiment, and such Numbers have retreated from the Fantoms of Poverty and Slavery which their cowardly Imaginations pictur'd to them; that you may justly vaunt with the boldest Hero of them all, — Like Death you reign O'er silent Subjects and a desert Plain. Despite your catch-all mode of government, our colony is becoming a ghost town YET must your Enemies (if you have any) be forced to admit that no ordinary Statesman could have orchestrated so capacious a Scheme, such a copious Jumble of Power and Politicks. We shall content ourselves with observing that all those beauteous Models of Government which the little States of Germany exercise, and those extensive Liberties which the Boors of Poland enjoy, were design'd to work together in your System; If we consider all the different modes of Government, we must have been strangely unlucky to have miss'd out on the best, despite the fact that we seemed to have had a great Variety; for under the Influence of our Perpetual Dictator, we have seen something like Aristocracy, Oligarchy, as well as the Triumvirate, Decemvirate and Consular Authority of famous Republics, which have expired many Ages before us: Is it any wonder that we share the same Fate? Do their Towns and Villages exist but in Story and Rubbish? We are all over Ruins; our Public-Works, Forts, Wells, High-Ways, Light-House, Store and Water-Mills, &c. are dignified like theirs, with the same venerable Desolation. The Log-House indeed is likely to be the last forsaken Spot of your Empire; yet even this, thro' the Death or Desertion of those who should continue to inhabit it, must suddenly decay; the Bankrupt Jailor himself shall be soon denied the Privilege of human Conversation; and when this last Moment of the Spell expires, the whole shall vanish like the Illusion of some Eastern Magician. Don’t worry, you’ll still be immortalized through the memoirs of America BUT don’t let this single thought give you fear that your Services to Mankind and to the Settlers of Georgia will be buried in Oblivion; for if we diminutive Authors are allow'd to prophesy (as you know Poets in those Cases formerly did) we may confidently predict that as long as the Memoirs of America continue to be read in English, Spanish, or the Language of the Scots High Landers, Your Excellency's Exploits and Epocha will be transmitted to Posterity. Any intelligent person will agree with our tribute SHOULD Your Excellency apprehend the least Tincture of Flattery in anything already hinted; we may sincerely assure you, we intended nothing that our Sentiments did not very strictly attribute to your Merit; and in such Sentiments, we have the Satisfaction of being fortified by all Persons of Impartiality and Discernment. Enough with the praises But to trespass no longer on those Minutes which Your Excellency may suppose more significantly employ'd on the Sequal; let it suffice for now to assure you that we are deeply affected with your Favours; and though unable of ourselves properly to acknowledge them, we shall embrace every Opportunity of Recommending you to higher Powers, who (we are hopeful) will reward Your Excellency according to your MERIT. May it please Your Excellency, Your Excellency's Most devoted Servants, The Land- Holders of Georgia, Authors of the following Narrative. PREFACE. The whole world is watching Georgia. Why so late with this report? THE Colony of Georgia has afforded so much subject of Conversation to the World that there is no question that a true and impartial Account of it from its first Settlement to its present 'Period will be generally welcomed; all the more so since the Subject has up to now been so much disguised and misrepresented in Pamphlets, Poems, Gazettes and Journals. IF ask'd Why this Narrative has not been publish'd to the World sooner? We assign two Reasons which (we doubt not) will be satisfactory. None of the Trustees ever came to see if Oglethorpe’s schemes matched our circumstances First, A Number of Honorable Gentlemen accepted the Charge of Trustees for executing the Purposes in his Majesty's most gracious Charter; Gentlemen, whose Honor and Integrity we never did or yet do call in question: But, to our great Misfortune, none of that honorable Body, (excepting Mr. Ogelthorpe) ever had Opportunity of Viewing the Circumstances of the Colony and judging for themselves as to the Necessities thereof. How far Mr. Oglethorpe's Schemes were consistent with the Welfare or Prosperity of it will best appear from the following Narrative. The board only listened to Oglethorpe, and he would not listen to us WHEN Experience gradually unfolded to us the Alterations we found absolutely necessary for our survival, we made all dutiful and submissive Applications to these our Patrons, in whom we placed so much Confidence: This Course we judged the most proper and direct, and therefore repeated these our dutiful Applications both to the Body of the Trustees and to Mr. Oglethorpe; but alas! our Miseries could not alter his Views of Things, and therefore we could obtain no Redress from him; and we found the honorable Board to be prejudiced against our Petitions (no doubt) through Misinformations and Misrepresentations; and this (we are confident) a further Enquiry and Time will convince them of. We should be commended for not going over the Board’s heads THE inviolable Regard we paid to the honorable Board kept us from applying to any other Power for Redress, whilst the least Hopes Could be entertained of any from them: And we make no doubt but that our Moderation in this respect will recommend us to all Persons of Humanity. If we had spoke out sooner, our corrupt judges would have punished us A SECOND Reason is that we had daily Occasion of seeing our supreme court who ruled over us with unlimited Power exercising illegal Acts of Authority, by Threatenings, Imprisonments, and other Oppressions. Therefore, we had Reason to believe that any further Steps to obtain Relief might subject us to similar Effects of arbitrary Power; so, until now, when a Handful of us have Escaped to Land of Liberty (after having made Shipwreck of our Time and Substance in that unhappy Colony) we had no Power to represent the State of that Settlement to the World or apply to higher Powers for Redress. This narrative will satisfy Brits who are surprised that we could not succeed with all these benefits WE hope the Perusal of the following Sheets will rectify two sorts of Readers in their Surprise in relation to the Colony of GEORGIA: Those of Great Britain who have never known this Part of the World except by Description; and those of America: The First are no doubt surprised to think it possible that so pleasant and temperate a Clime, so fruitful a Soil, such extensive Privileges, all which were publicly given out, and such considerable Sums of public and private Benefaction, have not satisfied and enriched us: Them we refer to the following Narrative for Satisfaction. This narrative will also satisfy Americans who are surprised that so many of us could be so duped The American Reader, on the other Hand, must be equally surprised to find that so many people could be so fooled and blindfolded as to expect to live in this Part of America by Cultivation of Lands without Negroes, and much more without Titles to their Lands, and laid under a Load of Grievances and Restrictions: And though these were redress'd, How could Persons their Senses ever imagine that Fifty Acres of Pine-Barren not worth Fifty Six pences (and whereof many Thousands may be purchased at half that Rate in the neighboring Province) could maintain a Family of white People and such Duties and Quit-Rents in a few Years as the richest Grounds in Carolina or other Provinces in America will never bear? To these last we shall only beg leave to observe that such fatal Artifice was used, (we shall not say by whom) such specious Pretenses were made use of, and such real Falsities advanced, and the smallest Foundations of Truth magnified to Hyperbole that we, who had no Opportunity of knowing otherwise or means of learning the real Truth, and without Suspicion of Artifice or Design, easily believed all these and fell into the Decoy. All men are hopeful; some prey on other’s hopes THE Mind of Man is Naturally curious and enterprising; we easily feed our Wishes into Realities, and affect and look upon every Novelty in the most favorable Light; how easy then is it for Cunning and Artifice to latch on to the weak Sides of our Fellow-Creatures, as we catch Fish with a Hook baited to their particular Gout? Listen to the amazing opportunity propagated by this anonymous 1733 brochure TO prove this Charge, we shall only transcribe some Passages from a Piece of Prose and some from a Piece of Poesie; by which Specimens the Reader may judge of some considerable Number which were dispersed and vended of the same Stamp. THE First are from a Pamphlet printed at London, 1733, entitled, A new and accurate Account of the Provinces of South Carolina and Georgia. The Author has not thought fit to favor us with his Name; but it is easy to conceive that we, who suspected no Artifice or Design, would conclude that it came from the best Authority, from the Circumstances of its being dispersed publicly and not being contradicted, and from the Author's intimate Acquaintance (at least so pretended) with all the Trustees’ Measures and Designs. After a high Encomium upon the Trustees, Page 7, he says, “The Air of Georgia healthy, being always serene and pleasant, never subject to excessive Heat or Cold or sudden Changes of Weather; the Winter is regular and short, and the Summer cooled with refreshing Breezes; it neither feels the cutting Northwest Wind that the Virginians complain of, nor the intense Heats of Spain, Barbary, Italy and Egypt. The soil will produce anything with very little Culture.” — Page 19, All sorts of Corn yield an amazing Increase; One Hundred fold is the common Estimate; though their Husbandry is so slight that they can only be said to scratch the Earth and neatly cover the Seed: All the best sort of Cattle and Fowls are multiplied without Number, and therefore without a Price: Vines are Natives here.” — Page 21, “The Woods near Savannah are not hard to be cleared; many of them have no Under-Wood, and the Trees do not stand generally thick on the Ground, but at considerable Distances asunder: When you fall the Timber for Use, or to make Tar, the Root will rot in four or five Years; and in the meantime you may Pasture the Ground; but if you would only destroy the Timber, it's done by half a Dozen Strokes of an Ax surrounding each Tree a little above the Root, in a Year or two the Water getting into the Wound rots the Timber, and a brisk Gust of Wind fells many Acres for you in an Hour, of which you may make one bright Bonfire. Such will be frequently here the Fate of the Pine, the Walnut, the Cypress, the Oak and the Cedar.” Such an Air and Soil can only be described by a Poetical Pen because there is no Danger of exceeding the Truth; therefore, take WALLER'S Description of an island in the Neighborhood of CAROLINA to give you an Idea of this happy Climate: “The Spring which but salutes us here Inhabits there and courts them all the Year. Ripe Fruits and Blossoms on the same Tree live; At once they promise what at once they give. So sweet the Air, so moderate the Clime, None sickly lives or dies before his Time; Heav'n sure has kept this Spot of Earth uncursed.” To show how all Things were created first. Page 27, “The Indians bring many a Mile the whole Deer's Flesh, which they sell to the People who live in the Country for the Value of Six-pence Sterling; and a Wild Turkey of Forty Pound weight for the Value of Two-pence.” —In Page 32, the Author when recommending the Georgia Adventure to Gentlemen of decayed Circumstances who must labor at Home or do worse states the following Objection: “If such People can't get Bread here for their Labor, how will their Condition be mended in Georgia?” Which he solves in the following Manner: “The Answer is easy; Part of it is well attested and Part self-evident; they have Land there for Nothing, and that Land so fertile, that as is said before, they receive a Hundred fold Increase for taking very little Pains. Give here in England ten Acres of good Land to one of those helpless Persons, and I doubt not his Ability to make it sustain him, and by his own Culture, without leasing it to another; but the Difference between no Rent and rack'd Rent, is the Difference between Eating and Starving.” — Page 32, “These Trustees not only give Land to the Unhappy who go there, but are also empowered to receive the voluntary Contributions of charitable Persons to furnish the poor Adventurers with all Necessaries for the Expense of their Voyage, occupying the Land, and supporting them till they find themselves comfortably settled; so that now the Unfortunate will not be obliged to bind themselves to a long Servitude to pay for their Passage; for they may be carried gratis into a Land of Liberty and Plenty, where they immediately find themselves in the Possession of a competent Estate, in a happier Climate than they knew before, and they are unfortunate indeed if here they cannot forget their Sorrows.” — Nay, as if such Assertions as these were not powerful enough to influence poor People, Calculations are attached to demonstrate that a Family consisting of one poor Man, his Wife, and Child of seven Years old may in Georgia earn sixty Pounds Sterling per Annum, and this abstracted from Silk, Wine, &c — Page 41, “Now this very Family in Georgia, by raising Rice and Corn sufficient for its Occasions, and by attending the Care of their Cattle and Land (which almost everyone is able to do in some tolerable Degree for himself) will easily produce in gross Value the Sum of sixty Pounds Sterling per Annum; nor is this to be wondered at, because of the valuable Assistance it has from a fertile Soil and a Stock given gratis; which must always be remembered in this Calculation. The Calculation of One Hundred such Families when formally extended, stands thus, —Page 43, In London One Hundred poor Men earn 500 00 0 One Hundred Woman and, ‘One Hundred Children, 500 00 0 Total 1000 00 0 In Georgia a Hundred Families earn, One Hundred Men for Labor, 1200 00 0 Ditto for Care of their Stock ‘at leisure Hours, 1200 00 0 One Hundred Woman and ‘One Hundred Children, 2400 00 0 Land and Stock in ‘themselves, 1200 00 0 Total, 6000 00 0 One last temptor, Reverend Samuel Wesley BUT we must conclude this Head, lest we tire the Reader. We shall now beg Leave to quote a few Poetical Accounts of this Paradise of the World, and of the Fatherly Care and Protection we might depend on from Mr. Oglethorpe. A Hundred Hackney Muses might be referenced, but we shall confine ourselves to the celebrated Performance of the Rev. Mr. Samuel Wesley, where we might well expect a sufficient Stock of Truth and Religion to counter-balance a Poetical License. Vide a Poem entitled, GEORGIA, and Verses upon Mr. Oglethorpe's second Voyage to Georgia. Printed London, 1736. ‘SEE where beyond the spacious Ocean lies ‘A wide waste Land beneath the Southern Skies; ‘Where kindly Suns for Ages rolled in vain, ‘Nor e'er the Vintage saw, or ripening Grain; ‘Where all Things into wild Luxuriance ran, ‘And Burdened Nature asked the Aid of Man. ‘In this sweet Climate and prolific Soil, ‘He bids the eager Swain indulge his Toil; ‘In free Possession to the Planter's Hand, ‘Consigns the rich uncultivated Land. ‘Go you, the Monarch cries, go settle there, ‘Whom Britain from her Plenitude can spare; ‘Go, your old wonted Industry pursue; ‘Nor envy Spain the Treasures of Peru. ‘— ‘But not content in Council here to join, ‘A further Labor Oglethorpe, is thine: ‘In each great Deed thou claimest the foremost Part, ‘And Toil and Danger charm thy generous Heart: ‘But chief for this thy warm Affections rise; ‘For oh! thou viewest it with a Parent's Eyes: ‘For this thou tempest the vast tremendous Main, ‘And Floods and Storms oppose their Threats in vain. ‘— ‘He comes, whose Life while absent from your View ‘Was one continued Ministry for you; ‘For you were laid out all his Pains and Art, ‘Won every Will and softened every Heart. ‘With what paternal Joy shall he relate ‘How views its Mother Isle your little State: ‘Think while he strove your distant Coast to gain ‘How oft he sighed and chid the tedious Main! ‘Impatient to survey, by Culture graced, ‘Your dreary Woodland and your rugged Waste. ‘Fair were the Scenes he feigned, the Prospects fair; ‘And sure, ye Georgians, all he feigned was their. ‘A Thousand Pleasures crowd into his Breast; ‘But one, one mighty Thought absorbs the rest, ‘And gives me Heaven to see, the Patriot cries, ‘Another Britain in the Desert rise. ‘—Again, ‘With nobler Products see thy Georgia teems, ‘Cheered with the genial Sun's director Beams; ‘There the wild Vine to Culture learns to yield, ‘And purple Clusters ripen through the Field. ‘Now bid thy Merchants bring thy Wine no more ‘Or from the Iberian or the Tuscan Shore: ‘No more they need the Hungarian Vineyards drain, ‘And France herself may drink her best Champaign. ‘Behold! at last, and in a subject Land, ‘Nectar sufficient for thy large Demand; ‘Delicious Nectar, powerful to improve ‘Our hospitable Mirth and social Love: ‘This for thy jovial Sons. —Nor less the Care ‘Of thy young Province, to oblige the Fair; ‘Here tend the Silk Worm In the verdant Shade, ‘The frugal Matron and the blooming Maid. Who wouldn’t be duped by all that? FROM the Whole, we doubt not, the Reader will look upon us as sufficiently punished for our Credulity: And indeed, who would not have been caught with such Promises, such Prospects? What might not the Poor Man flatter himself with from such a change in his Situation? And how much more might a Gentleman expect from a plentiful Stock of his own and Numbers of Servants to set up with? Could a Person with the least Faith have questioned Committing his Interests to such Guardians and such a tender Father as Mr. Oglethorpe was believed to be? Whether he has acted out that generous, that humane, that fatherly Part, the following Narrative must determine. It wasn’t the land that failed, it was the management As for those Poetical Licenses regarding the Wine and Silk; we do not transcribe them as a Reflection upon the Author; but as a Satyr upon the Mismanagement of those Manufactures, since no Measures were taken that seemed really intended for their Advancement. WE don’t even question the Possibility of advancing such Improvements in Georgia with far less Sums of Money properly applied than the Public has bestowed: But not even the Flourishing of Wine and Silk, can make a Colony of British Subjects happy if they are deprived of the Liberties and Properties of their Birth-right. We don’t want to slander, but the truth will deliver justice WE have tried hardest to be careful with reputations; but as we undertake to write an Account of Facts and Truths; there is no Help for it when those Facts and Truths press home. IT is a common Satisfaction to Sufferers to expose to the Public the Rocks upon which they split and the Misfortunes by which they suffered; and it may well be allowed us to publish the Causes to which we attribute the Ruin of that Settlement and ourselves; even more so since we are prosecutors for Justice from higher Powers, which we expect we will receive as the Case deserves. We hope these truths expose this great tragedy WE hope the Truth of the following Narrative will attract the attention of the candid Reader. The fatal Truths of this Tragedy has already been sealed with the Death of Multitudes of our Fellow-Creatures; but still (Thanks to the Providence of the Almighty) some survive to attest and confirm the Truth of what is herein contained against any Persons or Names, however great, however powerful. Our Circumstances and Sincerity will excuse our lack of eloquence which might have represented our Case better to the casual Reader, whom we shall no longer detain from the Subject in Hand. A TRUE AND HISTORICAL NARRATIVE, &C. It’s hard to be impartial when you’re been wronged NOTHING is more difficult for Authors than to divest themselves of Bias and Partiality, especially when they themselves are Parties or Sufferers in the Affair being described. People will probably assume we are skewing the story IT is possible people may assume this about us, the Publishers of this Narrative; it may be imagined that the Hardships, Losses and Disappointments we have met with in the Colony of Georgia will naturally sour our attitude and cause us to represent everything in the worst Light. To avoid being discredited as biased, we tried to use as few names and supporting documents as possible Since the Probability of those assumptions is very obvious to us, we have to the utmost of our Power guarded against the weak Side of ourselves; and to convince the World of our Sincerity, we shall no further descend into the Grievances of particular Persons than is absolutely required to make our General Narrative intelligible; and to a faithful Detail of Public Vouchers, Records, Extracts, Missives, Memorials and Representations, shall only adjoin so much of History as may be necessary to recount the most material Events and complete the Connection. We hope that a totally objective narrative will result in repair rather than revenge WE hope that an Information founded upon the strictest Truth will effectually introduce any further Steps that Providence shall enable us to take towards procuring the Redress of our Grievances. While we had the least Hopes of Redress from our immediate Superiors and Patrons, and when we began to despair of Relief by that Channel, we dared not appeal to any other Tribunal because we would expose ourselves to the dreadful revenge of those who had reduced us to Poverty by Oppression: Sure enough, every time we applied for Redress, we were brow-beat, obstructed, threatened, and branded with opprobrious Names, such as proud, idle, lazy, discontented and mutinous People, and several other Appellations of that kind; and were always afterwards harassed by all Means whatsoever, several Instances of which will appear to the Reader in the Sequel. We are now safe to speak out, despite it being too late for many of our dead neighbors OUR recent Retreat from that Confinement to a Land of Liberty enables us to speak the Truth; and though our Endeavors are too late to relieve the Dead, the Dying, and those many now dispersed in all the Corners of his Majesty's Dominions; yet they may be the Means of ushering in Sympathy and Assistance to the Survivors and multitudes of Widows and Orphans of the Deceased from the Humane and Generous. We aim to keep this as objective as possible in order keep our audience’s attention AS our sole Design is to give a plain Narrative of the Establishment and Progress of the Colony of GEORGIA from its Rise to its present Period; we shall court no other Ornaments than those of Truth and Perspicuity; and shall endeavor to carry the Reader's Attention consistently from the first to the last Motions we make mention of. [1732 – THE ROYAL CHARTER OF GEORGIA]

From 1741 AN ACCOUNT, SHEWING THE PROGRESS OF THE COLONY OF GEORGIA IN AMERICA, FROM IT'S FIRST ESTABLISHMENT. [Partially edited for readability by Amy] Published per Order of the Honorable Trustees. LONDON: Printed in the Year M,DCC,XLI [1741 converted by http://www.miniwebtool.com/roman-numerals-converter/] MARYLAND: Reprinted and Sold by Jonas Green, at his PRINTING-OFFICE, in Annapolis. 1742. P. Force, Washington, 1885. THE PREFACE. Regarding the 1741 A True and Historical Narrative… IN the Year 1741, there was Printed and Published by P. T. in Charles-Town in South-Carolina, for the Authors P. T—r, M. D. H. A—n, M. A. D. D—s, and Others, Landholders in Georgia, (at that Time in Charles-Town) a Pamphlet entitled, A True and Historical Narrative of the Colony of Georgia in America, & c. Dedicated to his Excellency, James Oglethorpe, Esq; General and Commander-in-Chief of his Majesty's Forces in South-Carolina and Georgia, & c. The authors were low-down scumbags The Dedication seems a very just Introduction to such a Narrative, both being the real Offspring of such factious and turbulent Authors. The narrative is a mean low-witted Sneer and a malicious, bad-natured Insult against that honorable Gentleman, James Oglethorpe. Without any regard to Good Manners or Common Civility, the authors treat his Excellency (almost to his Face) with as much rudeness as any person can use, even to an Inferior. However, I can only say a very fit prelude to such an inconsistent, spiteful, false Narrative. It is a narrative founded in lies, published by a few Persons of no Estate or Character who: 1. Were soured in their Tempers because they weren’t humored in their attempts to subvert or alter the Constitution of a new settled Colony, even in its Infancy and before any great experiment was made to improve. 2. Were forced to banish themselves from the Colony because their seditious, rebellious Practices and turbulent Spirits put them in danger every day of being confronted as malcontents and Incendiaries against the Peace of the Government. 3. Had shared deeply in his Excellency’s Favors, and therefore guilty of the most monstrous Sin in nature, ingratitude. Si ingratum dixeris, Omnia. In short, they are Persons who most accurately fit the Character given by the Right Honorable Sir William Young in a Debate concerning the Printer of a seditious Paper, “that they are Men whose daily Employment has been, for some “time, to misrepresent the Public Measures, to disperse Scandal, “and excite Rebellion; who have industriously propagated “every Murmur of Discontent, and preserved every “Whisper of Malevolence from perishing in the Birth.”— Gent. Mag. Supplement to 1741, p. 682. B. The authors are trying to defame a perfect gentleman with noble goals These are the mighty Authors and Publishers of the Scurrilious Narrative that seems intended to obstruct attempts to settle the Colony of Georgia, and to sully the Character and Administration of a Gentleman who may (without Flattery or Falsehood) be justly termed the Romulus, Father, and Founder of Georgia. This gentleman’s only goals are to: 1. Enlarge his Majesty's Dominions 2. Propagate the Protestant Religion 3. Promoting the Trade of his Country, and 4. Provide for the Wants and Necessities of indigent Christians. Oglethorpe traded a life of ease [1739-7] His Conduct in War... [1740-7-20] However, his Excellency's Conduct has been approved of at Home and will soon appear in such a Light that his Enemies will be ashamed of their impudent Lies and perhaps pay for their own Folly. How far the Ill-Nature and impotent Malice of the Authors of the Narrative have carried them beyond the Bounds of Truth or good Manners will appear in the following Sheets. These pages give a true and authentic Account of the Progress of that Colony from its first Establishment to the Year 1741, which being published by the Order of the Honorable the Trustees and printed in London, Anno 1741, is now Re-printed here, with no other View than to obviate the Prejudices which may be raised in the Minds of People by that Scandalous Narrative, and so may be a Means of delivering that New Settlement from the ill Effect of such Misrepresentations as are handed about by that Libel to deter his Majesty's Subjects from settling in that Frontier Colony, so necessary for advancing and protecting the Trade of this and our Mother Country on the Southernmost Part of North America, and extending our Colonies both on the Gulf of Florida, and the Bay of Mexico. Magna est Veritas, & prevalebit. [1741 AN ACCOUNT, SHEWING THE PROGRESS OF THE COLONY OF GEORGIA IN AMERICA, FROM IT'S FIRST ESTABLISHMENT.]