Mose in Secondary Literature

(By Amy) Pedro Menendez was excited about Florida. His assignment was to settle a colony there and be its governor. He pitched in his own money and gathered some friends, relatives, and workers to build a town. The king gave him some extra menmostly prisoners and debtors who could work off their sentencesand weapons and supplies to remove the French intruders from Florida. The French colony was called Fort Caroline, in modern-day Jacksonville. Menendez sailed his ships along the Florida coast until he spotted a good place to start a colony. Since water was the easiest way to travel before cars were invented, calm water was the easiest place to park a ship. And since enemy ships were likely to show up, Menendez chose a calm harbor that was connected to the sea by a narrow inlet. That way, he could station guards on each side of the inlet who could block enemy ships from coming into the harbor and reaching the town. The day he found this great harbor happened to be the same day Spaniards celebrate the Catholic Saint Augustine, so Menendez named his new colony after that saint. But before he could start building a fort or homes, he had to follow his king’s orders and rid Florida of French Protestantism. After parking their boats in the harbor, Menendez and his men performed an elaborate Catholic mass on the beach to show the natives true Christianity had arrived. The natives heard music and men singing hymns; they came out of the woods and watched the ceremony. Then Menendez and his men marched up the coast, located the French colony, and massacred most of the men there. They took the women and children and ransomed them back to France. A few French men managed to escape Menendez’s attack that day, including the artist Jacques Le Moyne. Le Moyne wrote an account of the attack, as well as stories of the settlers’ life with the Indians before the attack. There is no record of the fort being destroyed, but today it is nowhere to be found. Luckily, Le Moyne also drew a picture of the fort. The National Park Service built another one there according to Le Moyne’s picture. Even though Menendez wiped out the French colony, there were still more French settlers to removemany more. A few days before the attack, about two hundred French soldiers had sailed south down the Florida coast, hoping to catch Menendez before he reached their fort. They went much further south than Menendez’s new camp at St. Augustine. Their ship got caught in a storm and wrecked near Cape Canaveral. The survivors swam to shore and walked back up the coast toward their colony. Menendez and his men marched back down the coast from Fort Caroline to St. Augustine, then a little further until they found the French castaways. By that point, the French castaways were weak and hungry, and Menendez’s men captured them easily. Menendez followed Spanish law by offering the captives a choice: life in prison if they would convert to Catholicism, or death by the sword. The French Protestants rejected the Catholic option, so the Spaniards slew them and threw their bodies into the Intracoastal River. Afterward, the Spanish named that portion of the river “Matanzas,” which means massacre in Spanish. They also later built a lookout fort near the site of the massacre, and they named the fort “Matanzas,” too. Finally, Menendez and his group built a fort, a church, and some huts out of wood and thatch. They couldn’t find any rocks to build with. That was just as well, because over time, they had to re-position the town. But soon it stayed-put on a small peninsula between the San Sebastian River and the Matanzas River.

Hernando de Miranda Governor of St. Augustine (From Mose in Secondary Literature by Amy)

English settlers tried to plant roots in the vicinity of Roanoke, Virginia in 1585, but those folks disappeared without a trace.*

This aggressiveness from the English struck fear in the hearts of the Spanish Floridians. They scrambled to use what little resources they had to protect themselves. By this time, they had already lost nine wooden forts to pirates, fire, and weather; they had nowhere safe to go in the event of attack. The viceroy in Havana sent what help he could, including an engineer to design as safe a fort as possible. The King sent some African slaves to help. When the officials in Spain asked why the Floridians continued to build fortresses with wood, one officer wrote back: “There are no rocks in Florida.” In desperation, the Spaniards experimented with something that looked a bit like a rock. It was a section of the earth on Anastasia island that was not dirt. It was a compressed mass of the tiny clam shells they called “coquina.” Coquina clams were a popular base for the Spaniards to make broth with. Millions of them packed together would now act as a building material. It was desperate measures, for sure. The coquina mass in the ground was soft enough to carve with a saw. In fact, it was soft enough for the Spaniards’ boots to sink into. But the men noticed that the clam compact dried on their boots, and was nearly impossible to chisel off the next day. For the next twenty-three years, Florida’s soldiers, Indians, and slaves cut blocks of coquina from the ground, dried them in the sun, ferried them across the river, and hoisted them into walls. This was the largest labor project that took place in Florida during the First Spanish Period. It was plagued with problems, including deaths. But the threats were mounting from the nearby English, and the promised fort was the only sign of safety. They put the final touches of white lime paint and red trim on in 1695, and christened their new protector the Castle of St. Mark, or Castillo de San Marcos.

This aggressiveness from the English struck fear in the hearts of the Spanish Floridians. They scrambled to use what little resources they had to protect themselves. By this time, they had already lost nine wooden forts to pirates, fire, and weather; they had nowhere safe to go in the event of attack. The viceroy in Havana sent what help he could, including an engineer to design as safe a fort as possible. The King sent some African slaves to help. When the officials in Spain asked why the Floridians continued to build fortresses with wood, one officer wrote back: “There are no rocks in Florida.” In desperation, the Spaniards experimented with something that looked a bit like a rock. It was a section of the earth on Anastasia island that was not dirt. It was a compressed mass of the tiny clam shells they called “coquina.” Coquina clams were a popular base for the Spaniards to make broth with. Millions of them packed together would now act as a building material. It was desperate measures, for sure. The coquina mass in the ground was soft enough to carve with a saw. In fact, it was soft enough for the Spaniards’ boots to sink into. But the men noticed that the clam compact dried on their boots, and was nearly impossible to chisel off the next day. For the next twenty-three years, Florida’s soldiers, Indians, and slaves cut blocks of coquina from the ground, dried them in the sun, ferried them across the river, and hoisted them into walls. This was the largest labor project that took place in Florida during the First Spanish Period. It was plagued with problems, including deaths. But the threats were mounting from the nearby English, and the promised fort was the only sign of safety. They put the final touches of white lime paint and red trim on in 1695, and christened their new protector the Castle of St. Mark, or Castillo de San Marcos.

The Governor’s House was built in the early 1700s. It would have been fairly new when Montiano arrived. A tapestry of Montiano’s coat of arms is in there, brought to S.A. from Spain by his descendants in 1995, which is also the year Mose Historical Society was formed.

First picture of Government House is a watercolor 1762. It was rebuilt in 1706-13. In 1713, the Governor’s wife held a party. The next renovation was 1763. (Source lost)

From Mose in Secondary Literature by Amy • Creoles = Florida-born Spaniards. Then what’s a Floridano?

From Mose in Secondary Literature by Amy • Historical Society has Spanish bio and petitions of Menendez.

From Mose in Secondary Literature by Amy • What religion was Menendez in Mandingo? Islam?

Mend’s militia helps defend S.A. against English Palmer attack, remain enslaved

In 1734, the exiled Salzberg families settle at Savannah. They are now a big name in Georgia.

Governor Antonio de Benevides leaves office

From Mose in Secondary Literature by Amy Tomas Gonzalez y Hernandez 1701-?(moved to Cuba in 1763); from Canary Islands; 1721-23 sailor; 1723 married Maria Francisca Guevara y Dominguez and joined the garrison as gunner; Francisco de Castilla, royal secretary in 1740 1. Juana and Salvador Fransisco de Pourras lived in (and built?) Harry’s. Catalina was born there in 1753, one of 9 kids. 2. “Georgia was established with the settlement of Savannah in 1733. The St. Augustine defenses were reviewed in 1736 by two engineers from Havana: Antonio de Arredondo and his assistant, Pedro Ruiz de Olano. They gave Governor Manuel de Montiano plans for a modernization of the Castillo and the walls around the city. Arrendondo may be credited with giving the island across the Bridge of Lions its name: Anastasia Island. It was named after Saint Anastasia. Ruiz de Olano in 1738 began the work on the Castillo. Also in 1738 the first fort was being built at Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose. In 1740 the city was attacked by Governor Oglethorpe of Georgia.”37 3. Adjutant Don Manuel de ArzeError! Bookmark not defined. – first security lapse Montiano encounters 4. Pedro de Alcantarain – schooner bringing correspondence to Guemes from ManuelError! Bookmark not defined. 5. Don Manuel de Justis – interim governor before Manuel arrives 6. Cacique Sacafaca of the Pueblo Chalacarliche in Apalache 7. Adjutant Don Juan Jacinto Rodriguez 8. Matheo Rodriguez – schooner 9. Ojeda – bilander 10. Colonel Don Juan Baptista de Echeverria – Mont’s friend? 11. Don Antonio de la Mora – chief minister 12. Don Antonio Diaz Villegas – a dependent of the chief minister Don Antonio de la Mora, and the keeper of provisions

From Mose in Secondary Literature by Amy Occupations in Colonial SA • Soldier, bodyguard, coast guard, friar, ensign, shipbuilder, trader, fisherman, shipwreck salvageError! Bookmark not defined. • NOT weaver. Per Gov. House display, the first weaver/loom is documented in SA in 1777 (a Minorcan). • Colonial Spanish Quarter: blacksmith (i.e. make spikes like in Government House), carpenter, soldier’s wife. • Quilting? “A Thumbnail Sketch of the History of Quilting” (GH). Women learn from Indians how to make dyes, fillers from animals, etc. Read this article for details to give a female character busy work.

From Mose in Secondary Literature by Amy Archiva General Militor in Segovia has Montiano’s service records. The Historical Society has Spanish versions. See if PKY has them translated. I asked Sandy to check this website 6-28-08. http://www.ejercito.mde.es/ihycm/archivo/index.html?/ihycm/archivo/asegovia/index.html

From Mose in Secondary Literature by Amy • Manuel finds the St. Augustine residents niave and apathetic about the looming danger, like the people in the Time Machine about the worlocks.

From Mose in Secondary Literature by Amy • Spanish Florida and British American colonies fears attacks from each other (Amy: like the Cold War), but also depended on each other for illicit trade.52

From Mose in Secondary Literature by Amy • McCarthy gives a very cool explanation of the illicit trading.52

Cuba’s captain-general Guemes also fought the Moors in Oran; did they know each other there? Montiano was now 52 years old, but still had no wife or children. His first few months in St. Augustine were a bit of a shock for him. He saw plenty of clues that the English intended to take over Florida, and none of his townspeople seemed worried about it.* If Governor Montiano did his homework, he would see that the new English settlement at Frederica was 50 miles south of the English-Spanish border. In fact, it was built at Spain’s abandoned mission of Gualquini.* English settlers were also building at St. George, which was barely 35 miles from St. Augustine. Even if Montiano saw and respected the charter where the English king had consented to overlap the Spanish border, both Frederica and St. George were even further south than the invalid charter allowed. Montiano was obligated to clear the squatters off Spanish land.* Unfortunately, those squatters created a great link to the outside world. When English people showed up to sell goods in Florida, everybody played dumb about the Spanish laws against foreign trade. The English offered better products for much cheaper than Spanish suppliers much further away. Floridians bought the English goods and exchanged the latest news. Through the illegal grapevine, Governor Montiano heard all kinds of exciting tidbits. He heard that the ringleader of this border encroachment, James Oglethorpe, was now lobbying England’s Parliament to take over all of Spanish Florida.* He heard that Oglethorpe argued that the Florida provinces would be more useful to England than any of her other American territories because if they held it, none of Spain’s vessels or treasure could get through the Florida channel back to Spain.* That should interest Parliament because without the treasure fleet, Spain would have no funding for their military.* Governor Montiano also heard that Parliament partially accepted Oglethorpe’s proposal.* He heard they appointed Oglethorpe General Commander of all their American territories, plus gave him 480 soldiers and $125,000 to get prepared to remove the Spanish from Florida.* However, Oglethorpe was NOT to break the fragile peace treaty currently keeping England and Spain from war.* Who needs to violate a treaty when you can just harass the other side into breaking it? Montiano immediately felt harassed by the settlers on his property, then even more harassed at the rumors of Oglethorpe’s plan to take over this little corner of the world. Then Montiano got a special visitor. The Indian cacique (king) Sacafaca traveled all the way from Apalache to bring St. Augustine a warning.* Sacafaca said the English had instructed the Indian tribes to unite and hold council on certain European issues.* He said England’s Indian allies planned to come in small groups to harass the Spanish on Florida’s coast.* Montiano thought about it. Those English colonies had attacked before, and they certainly would again with ambitious Oglethorpe egging them on.* All they would have to do is park a frigate or two in the inlet, and St. Augustine would be without communication and without supplies.* Oglethorpe just needed someone else to start the fight. Of course the first order of business for Montiano was to take a tour of St. Augustine’s finest asset, the Castillo de San Marcos. Construction on the Castillo had lasted from 1672 to 1695, and the coquina-block fortress got its first test when those Georgia neighbors came to wipe out the town in 1702. The Georgians burned down the town, but all the residents remained safe inside the Castillo. Thirty-five years later, Montiano found the coquina giant sinking, fading, and bare. It was a pitiful sight compared to the castles at Aragon, Oran, Havana, and Panama. He had plenty of personal experience attacking forts on foot, grenade in hand. This one would be an easy target. A good arm could pitch a grenade right into the low fort from the counterscarp.* There were no bomb-proof vaults to protect the townspeople from those grenades.* There were no ravelins to hide close-range sharp shooters, and no covered entrance for safe travel in and out.* There wasn’t even a single cannon that could fire for 24 hours; not that it would help, because there were no adequate artillery-men to manage it as far as Montiano was concerned.* To top it off, the Cubo tower built to protect one corner of the Castillo was more threat than protection. It was so far detached and unprotected that it would be easy for invaders to take over and attack the Castillo from it.* Montiano wanted to run the Castillo’s curtain wall all the way to the Cubo tower and elevate a bastion around it.* Montiano checked his budget. The treasury barely held payroll for the locals who were employed by the government. There were the few pieces of silver taken from ex-Governor Moral.* It wasn’t enough cash to pay civilian laborers to move the amount of earth required to make the scarp and counterscarp correlate.* Not that money would help, since there weren’t enough workmen to pull it off.* For a cheap place to start, he ordered 4,000 stakes to be cut to form a make-shift covered causeway.* After six months of trying to make do with St. Augustine’s resources, Montiano sat down and wrote a long letter to his boss in Havana, the captain general and Governor of Cuba.* Montiano told Governor Guemes all about Oglethorpe’s agreement with Parliament, the Indian Sacafaca’s warning, and the condition of the Castillo.* Throughout the letter, he seemed particularly fascinated by Oglethorpe’s independence.* Montiano used several sheets of paper to describe the state of St. Augustine’s defenses. Then he wrapped up his long update with a long plea for help standing up to Oglethorpe.

Indians attack Pupo at night (From Mose in Secondary Literature by Amy)

In several later letters, Montiano refers to a “convention,” which is a document he sends a copy to the English commanders.* In his letter of March 24th, 1740, Montiano refers to the convention again: “The great caution of the English has been betrayed by the results that have reached us without advises from our court before this year, and from this arises that unexpectedly they might drive us out besides, although we are agreed to observe the good faith promised in the convention of the 14 & 15 January of the past year.”*

In several later letters, Montiano refers to a “convention,” which is a document he sends a copy to the English commanders.* In his letter of March 24th, 1740, Montiano refers to the convention again: “The great caution of the English has been betrayed by the results that have reached us without advises from our court before this year, and from this arises that unexpectedly they might drive us out besides, although we are agreed to observe the good faith promised in the convention of the 14 & 15 January of the past year.”*

After the blood bath at Fort Mose, Montiano assumed all of the English had reassembled on Anastasia Island.* According to the prisoners, the English had collected eleven small mortars, two of them for shells of half a quintal, and the other 9 for smaller ones.* They also had brought down a larger one from the coast of San Matheo.* Four of these cannons were mounted in the mud on one edge of Anastasia Island.* Eight more were mounted at the edge of the woods of the island.* At six o’clock in the evening of June 30th, all twelve cannons began shooting from Anastasia Island.* Cannonballs rained down on St. Augustine for four hours, finally quieting around ten o’clock that night.* The townspeople stayed in the Castillo.* They listened to the crunch of roofs getting smashed. They waited for the Castillo’s walls to start crumbling around them. Instead, they heard the thud of cannonballs landing in the exposed courtyard of the Castillo. They heard the thump of cannonballs bouncing off exterior side of the coquina walls. The food stores were rationed in tiny bites for all the mouths that had already been living on tiny rations for months. Montiano could see no supplies getting in, and food running out.* Starvation was surely going to start happening, beginning with the weakest. Over the next few days, the English got more organized on Anastasia Island.* Their armament was close enough to see most details even without a telescope.* There was a set of five cannons pointed the city.* Three of them shot 18-pound balls in an effort to smash any structure they could reach.* The other two incessantly shot 6-pound balls at anything, but mostly at the schooners.* The Spaniards shot back, occasionally hearing reports of more damage on the island than in the town.*

In 1740, another English army attacked the city. Governor James Oglethorpe of Georgia led 1,400 soldiers and Indian allies against St. Augustine with th esupport of a fleet of seven British warships. Although the ships blasted the Castillo for twenty-seven days, the cannonballs and shot did not seriously damage the fort. An English observed that the coquina (shellstone) “…will not splinter but will give way to a cannonball as though you would stick a knife thorugh cheese.” The Georgia governor never attempted an infantry assault on the Castillo and, after thirty-eight days of siege, the frustrated English forces left Florida and returned home.Error! Bookmark not defined. (From Mose in Secondary Literature by Amy)

July 1st, the English ceased fire.* Drums and a flute were heard on Anastasia.* A launch began crossing the bay with a white flag.* The Spaniards ceased fire as well.* The launch delivered three letters.* Montiano read them.* The letters demanded something that Montiano refused.* He sent the launch back with his refusal.* Immediately, the shelling resumed from the island, now with greater intensity than before.* Montiano was losing his fear of the shelling. The Spaniards were causing more damage to the English than they were receiving.* Some of the English shots were hitting the Castillo, but they either got lodged in coquina walls, or bounced and dropped to the moat below. The Castillo did not crack anywhere. At some point before his letter of July 6th, scouts found four more men killed in the Mose battletwo white men and two Indians.*

On July 6th, Montiano wrote again to Guemes.* He told him about the attack on Fort Mose, its death toll, and all the details of the English he had learned from the prisoners.* He relayed the previous warning that England had prepared a large expedition to attack Havana.* He sent Guemes copies of the parley demand letters, and his response to them.* Montiano told Guemes of the constant shelling, and that 122 large shells and 31 small shells had slammed into St. Augustine.* All of the townspeople stayed in the Castillo, now for thirteen days.* As of July 6th, not a single person was hurt from the shelling.* He told him the enemy head count according to the deserter, and the man’s comment that Oglethorpe would stay a year if it took that long to get St. Augustine to surrender.* Montiano didn’t even bother begging this time, nor did he shower praise on Guemes.* He simply relayed the facts, and said starvation was his greatest concern amid all the violence.* Then he sent the Adjutant Don Juan Jacinto Rodriguez to take it to Guemes.*

On the night of July 7th, Louis Gomez arrived in St. Augustine.* He had come from Mosquito Inlet.* He had magnificent news.* Hiding just inside Mosquito Inlet, there were two schooners and a small sloop, loaded with provisions from Guemes.* Juan de Oxeda was in charge of the three ships.* They were addressed to the Captain Don Manuel de Villasante.* The ships were not armed, and could not get past the English frigates.* They apparently were not able to make it up the river, either.* They needed to be unloaded onto smaller boats.* The world lifted right off of Montiano’s shoulders.* He nearly hugged Gomez. He couldn’t wait to see the men piling sacks of corn and flour, and barrels of meat into the storerooms, and residents carrying their share back to their homes. He could smell the bread baking already. Montiano had never felt that joyous in his entire life. He began formulating the plan to get small boats down the Matanzas River to unload the schooners little by little.* And then came the bad news.* Pedro Chapuz was serving as harbor pilot for a French sloop on its way in with supplies.* When they neared the St. Augustine inlet, one of the English ships and a packet boat chased them.* The English caught the French ship and boarded it.* They didn’t hurt anyone, but they found out that three ships of food for their captives had gotten through their blockade.* At the same time, another deserter showed up from the English camp.* When questioned, he said that Oglethorpe was planning a night attack with the frigates.* In normal conditions, there was no way a frigate could get through the shallow St. Augustine Inlet. However, it was time for six days of high Spring tides.* The attack would come on one of those nights, and it would come by sea and land.* The frequent defections of English attackers to Spanish supervision were telltale of Oglethorpe’s loss of support.* There was a very good chance that any intention of Oglethorpe’s would fall flat.* However, those men were living worse than the Spaniards crowded hungry in the fort.* Long periods of sitting through a siege tended to build a craving in soldiers for action and resolution.* If they did follow through with the night attack, Montiano would need all of his men and vessels to fight.* He could not afford to have any of them down the river getting groceries.* He suspended the transport of the provisions and turned his attention to preparing for the night attack.*

Day after day, St. Augustine’s residents waited in the fort, fought their hunger pains, and listened for war cries. On the gun deck, the men watched the Spring tide creep up the sides of the inlet, then slowly creep back. They watched the frigates, wondering if the big ships really could get over the sandbar. If they rode the incoming tide at its highest point, they would have to wait twelve hours to ride it out at the next peak. If the next peak wasn’t high enough, the frigate could be stranded in the harbor indefinitely. Then what? Would they stay and fight? If they won the land fight, would they take over St. Augustine and leave the frigate in the harbor till next Spring? What if they didn’t win the fight? Were they sitting ducks? Montiano’s anxiety was higher than ever. While waiting for the chance attack, his provisions were waiting for pirates, storms, and decay. Maybe the English couldn’t bring themselves to take the chance. The six(?) days passed, and no frigate moved over the bar.* The tides returned to their normal height.* Montiano turned his attention back to the supply ships.* He sent the launches, a boat, and a huge canoe down the Matanzas River to Mosquito Inlet.* They reached a certain inlet at four o’clock in the afternoon.* A frigate was sitting in the ocean outside the inlet.* The frigate spotted the transport boats in the river and sent an armed launch in to attack them.* The launch came over the bar and moved in between the Spanish boats.* A fight ensued.* The transport boats fought back bravely for hours.* When it got dark out, the fighting stopped.* At some point, the huge canoe broke apart from having rammed into a launch.* The canoe men climbed into the remaining three boats got away from the attackers.* They continued their journey.* Soon, the three little boats returned happily loaded with flour.* They went back down for another load and were not bothered by any attackers.* The haul was not easy.* They had to work with the river’s reversing tidal currents, and probably the summer afternoon thunderstorms.* Nevertheless, they happily repeated their tedious task, trying not to draw attention from the enemy, until all of a sudden, it didn’t seem necessary.*

On July 13th, an Englishman made his way across the Matanzas bay from Anastasia to St. Augustine.* Montiano questioned him.* The man said he had not been on board any of the ships, but he had chatted with some of the sailors.* They said the English blockade contained six frigates.* The admiral’s frigate had 40 cannons and two hundred men.* The rest of the frigates had twenty cannons and 150 men each.* Montiano combined this report with what his prisoner had said.* The prisoner had told him about a 50-cannon frigate called the Bermuda, and another 40-cannon frigate that he did not know the location of.* That prisoner also was not speaking from experience.* He had not visited the 50-gun Bermuda.* He just knew there was a frigate anchored in front of entrance to the St. Johns River, and that the General told the troops it was from Bermuda and had 50 cannons.* After hearing this complementary ship count from the English deserter from Anastasia, Montiano wrote it to Guemes in a simple update.*

The bilanders sailed up the river on July 25th.* They reported there was no sign of enemy ships anywhere.* Montiano sent word to Mosquito Inlet for the supply ships to come out of hiding and sail up the coast to St. Augustine.* Meanwhile, he sent out dispatches to inspect all the sites the enemy had occupied.* The reports he got back were incomprehensible.* The English had left four 6-pound cannons at the battery on the point of San Mateo.* They left one schooner, two kegs of gunpowder, and several muskets and escopettes.* They had set fire to a quantity of provisions that included boxes of bacon, cheese, lard, dried beef, rice and beans.* They had also set fire to a schooner and an excellent mortar carriage.* Some of the Indians and galley slaves who went scouting had the privilege of keeping much of what they found, including several barrels of lard and flour, and some pork.* Hopefully, those who had done a thorough job of scouting during danger times got rewarded. Two Indian squaws had been captured earlier by the English.* They escaped during this period and came into St. Augustine.* They said Oglethorpe was planning to reorganize, stir up the Indians, and come back next Spring.* Every single defector said the same thing.* Montiano had a hard time believing that was really Oglethorpe’s intention.* He could not make sense of the siege without attack, the unexplained evacuation, the abandoned and destroyed supplies, and the frequent defections of enemy soldiers.* He had heard much about dissention between the Carolinians and Scotch troops.* It seemed to him that Oglethorpe had spread word of reorganization in an attempt to placate his fractious and disgruntled forces, especially the Scotchmen who had lost so much in this fruitless effort.* A few of Spaniards who had been captured by the English trickled into town.* Some had been held captive in the English camps, and some had been on the English boats.* They had bad things to say about someone named Don Domingo.* This surprised and bothered Montiano, because he really liked Don Domingo.* But he was now leery of him.*