Collections of the Georgia Historical Society - Vol 7

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. A SKETCH OF THE LIFE OF OGLETHORPE. General James Edward Oglethorpe, son of Sir Theophiltis and Eleanor (Wall) Oglethorpe, was born in England December 22, 1696. At an early age he entered Corpus Christi College, Oxford, but he soon left that institution for an active military life. Having served several years in the British army, under the Duke of Marlborough, he became secretary and aid-de-camp to the famous Prince Eugene of Savoy, with whom he learned the art of war.

THE NAME AND THE DATE OF BIRTH OF OGLETHORPE. It is a well known fact that there has existed for many years much uncertainty concerning the full and correct name of Oglethorpe, and the exact date of his birth. The biographers of this distinguished man differ greatly upon both these points. Jones and Harris give June 1, 1689, The Britannica (ninth edition) and the Dictionary of National Biography give December 22, 1696, and McCall places the date at December 21, 1698. In all the letters and written documents of Oglethorpe extant he signed his name simply James Oglethorpe, though some of his biographers give it as James Edward Oglethorpe. In the Biographical Memorials of Oglethorpe by Harris, pages 325 and following, the matter of his birth is discuss ed at some length, and in the Magazine of American History of 1883, Vol. VIII, part II, page 108, there occurs an interesting article on the subject by W. S. Bogart of Savannah. These discussions are based upon certain records copied from the Register of Births and Baptisms in the Church of St. James, Westminster, England, and from the Register of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. The record from the Register Book of Births and Baptisms belonging to the Parish of St. James, Westminster, is given by Harris as follows: Bapt. 1 June 1689. 2 J James Oglethorpe of Sir Theophilus and his lady Elinor, b. 1. The interpretation of this is that James Oglethorpe, son of Sir Theophilus and his lady Elinor, was born June 1, 1689, and baptised June 2. The record of the entry of James Oglethorpe into Corpus Christi College, Oxford, is thus given by Harris: "1704, Jul. 9, term. S. Trin. Jacobus Oglethorpe, e C. C. C. 16. Theoph. f. Sti. Jacobi. Lond. Equ. Aur. Alius natu minor." That is, In Trinity Term, July 9, 1704, James Oglethorpe, aged 16, youngest son of Sir Theophilus Oglethorpe, of St. James's, London, was admitted into Corpus Christi College. These statements do not harmonize with each other, or with several facts in the later history of Oglethorpe, and the matter of his name and the exact date of his birth have remained for many years in much doubt. When the monument to the memory of this distinguished man was erected in Savannah in 1910, the question was again brought up and earnestly discussed. In order to determine it fully and with accuracy if possible, two independent investigations were made—one by W. J. DeRenne, Esq., for the Monument Commission, and the other by Otis Ashmore in behalf of the Georgia Historical Society. The results of both these investigations agree, and the matter so long in doubt is now definitely and authentically cleared up and established, and the evidences given herewith. The following photographic copy of a certificate obtained by Mr. DeRenne from St. Martin-in-the-Fields is self-explanatory. Baptism certificate of James Oglethorpe From this it is clear that Oglethorpe's name was James Edward, and that he was born December 22, 1696. Without knowing of Mr. DeRenne's efforts, Otis Ashmore, Corresponding Secretary of the Georgia Historical Society, took the matter up with the Lord Bishop of London with a view of obtaining a correct copy of the record of the births and baptisms of all the children of Sir Theophilus Oglethorpe, and with the Dean of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, to verify the date of Oglethorpe's entrance into that institution. This correspondence follows: Savannah, Ga, Dec. 8, 1910. To His Lordship, The Bishop of London, London, England. Dear Sir: The state of Georgia, U. S. A., has just erected at Savannah a monument to the memory of General James Edward Oglethorpe, the founder of this colony in 1733, and the date of his birth has become a matter of inquiry with us. There seems to be much uncertainty concerning the exact date, and it is for the purpose of ascertaining it definitely that I am writing you to assist us. You can probably refer this letter to someone in official position to give us this information, and by so doing you will confer a great favor upon our Society. The biographical sketches of Oglethorpe give various dates of his birth. Some give June 1, 1689 ; some give December 21, 1688; some December 22, 1688; and others give December 22, 1696. The following extract from the Dictionary of National Biography is our latest authority on the matter of his birth. "OGLETHORPE, JAMES EDWARD (1696-1785), general, philanthropist, and colonist of Georgia, born in London on December 22, 1696, was baptised next day at St. Martin's in the Fields. An elder brother, also named James, born on 1 June, 1689, died in infancy (Notes and Queries, 3d Sec. XII, 68). He matriculated at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, on 8 July, 1714, but had already obtained a commission in the British army in 1710." These statements, however, do not all harmonize with some other facts of his subsequent life, and I would like to secure an exact copy of the record of his baptism at St. Martin's in the Field. This record is said to read as follows: Bap. 2 June, 1689 James Oglethorpe of Sir Theophilus and his lady Elinor, b. 1. We would be glad to have this record verified and interpreted by those familiar with these records. Does it mean that James Oglethorpe was baptised on June 2, 1689, and that he was born on June 1, 1689? It is claimed that record refers to an elder brother also named James who died in infancy. If so the baptismal record of James Edward will probably be found under the date December 22, 1696. Our Oglethorpe always signed his name simply James, though there is good reason to believe that his middle name was Edward. Can you throw any light upon this point? What authority is there for the statement that he was born in London rather than at Westbrook at Godalming, Surrey? From Nichols's Literary Anecdotes of the Eighteenth Century, Vol. II, p. 16, we are told that Sir Theophilus Oglethorpe had the following children: I.—Lewis, born 1680-81. (Feb) II.—Theophilus, born 1682. III.—Eleanora, born 1684. IV.—'Anne V.—Sutton, born 1686. VI—Henrietta VII.—James, born June 1, 1869. VIII.—Frances-Charlotte. XI.—Mary Is it practical to obtain from the church records the date of birth, or at least the date of baptism, of these children? At what age was it customary at that time to baptize children? Was James, referred to in this record, baptized when he was only one day old? The Georgia Historical Society will be greatly obliged to you if you will give such direction to this letter as to secure for us the official and reliable information which we seek. Very respectfully, OTIS ASHMORE, Corresponding Secretary Ga. Hist Soc. Savannah, Ga., U. S. A. Jan. 10, 1911, St. Martin's Vicarage, Charing Cross, W. C. Dear Sir : In re James Edward Oglethorpe. I received a few weeks ago your letter to the Lord Bishop of London, asking for information in detail about this family. My parish clerk has examined our registers with great care, and I send you the results of his search. You will see that he has examined the books at St. James, Piccadilly, as well as St. Martin-in-the-Fields- These are the results which I have now the pleasure of forwarding you. He can find nothing more. May I be allowed to say that as he is a poor man and has taken great trouble over the matter, you may be disposed to make some acknowledgement to him in the form of a fee, but we make no charage. I am Yours faithfully, L. E. SHELFORD. Vicar of St. Martin-in-the-Fields. St. Martin-in-the-Fields Parish Church. Charing Cross, Jany. 6, 1911. Dear Sir : IN RE OGLETHORPE. Your letter of December 8th last to the Lord Bishop of London has been handed to me for attention, and in reply thereto I beg to give you the result of my search through our registers, which have extended some years after 1700 an and before 1681. JAMES EDWARD was undoubtedly baptised here on December 23, 1696, having been born on the 22nd presumably in London ; as in those days it would scarcely be possible and highly improbable to bring a child from Godalming to be christened at Charing Cross the day after its birth. Your second query is as to JAMES. He was born 1st June, 1689 and was baptised on the 2nd of that month at St. James's Church, Piccadilly, a parish adjoining this, but he died in infancy; being buried at St. James's on the 15th June, 1690. The reply to your next inquiry, "the age at which it was customary to baptise children at that time", is, within a few days of birth. Appended is a list of those I have been able to find, and I would suggest that those I have not been able to find may have been born and christened at Godalming. in Surrey, as your letter infers they lived there. ELEANORA, ANNE, SUTTON, HENRIETTA, and MARY I cannot trace, but I do find CHARLES and AN HARATH, which you do not give in your list. Born 21st, Baptised 23rd February, 1681. LEWIS OGLETHORP of Theophilus & Elin. Baptised 20th February, 1682 (Date of birth not given.) AN HARATH OGLETHORP of Theophilus & Elinor. Born 9th, Baptised 11th March, 1684. THEOPHILUS OGLETHORPE of Theophilus & Elliner. Baptised 22nd May, 1686. (Date of birth not given ) CHARLES OGLETHORP of Sr. Theophylus & Lady Elinor. This at St. James's Church, Piccadilly. Born 1st, Baptised 2nd June, 1689. JAMES OGLETHORP of Sr. Theophilus and his Lady Elinor. This at St. James's Church, Piccadilly. Buried at St. James's, Picadilly, 15th June, 1690. JAMES OGLETHORP. C. (This means child ) Born 7th, Baptised 7th September, 1692. CHARLOTTE-FRANCES OGLETHORP of Sr. Theophilus & Eleanora. Born 22nd, Baptised 23rd December, 1696. JAMES EDWARD OGLETHORP of Coll. Theophilus & Eleanora. (Coll. means Colonel.) Should you desire stamped certificated copies of these entries I can send them upon hearing from you, and I may say in conclusion the parents of these children were not married in this church. Savannah, Ga., Dec. 8, 1910 To the Dean of Corpus Christi College, University of Oxford, Oxford, England. Dear Sir : The state of Georgia, U. S. A., has just erected at Savannah a monument to the memory of General James Edward Oglethorpe, the founder of this colony in 1733, and the date of his birth has become a matter of inquiry with us. There seems to be much uncertainty concerning the exact date, and the date of his admission into Corpus Christi College will aid us in determining the question. From one of his biographies the following copy of the University Register is taken. "1704, Jul. 9, term. S. Trin. Jacobus Oglethorpe, e C. C. C. 16. Theoph. f. Sta. Jacobi, Lond. Equ. Aur. Alius natu minor." Will you do the Georgia Historical Society the courtesy to compare this copy carefully with the record of original entry on the University Register, and tell us if it is correct? If it is not, will you please send me an exact copy of the record, together with a translation of it in accordance with the usual meaning and understanding of such entries? The figures "1704" are especially to be examined with care, for it has been claimed that this date should be 1714. Are the figures clear in the record? Is it your understanding that the figures "16" signify that he was sixteen years old when he entered? Will you also please verify the date of admission of Lewis Oglethorpe into Corpus Christi College? This is given as March 16, 1698-9. The Georgia Historical Society will greatly appreciate any courtesy you may show it in ascertaining definitely these facts and writing me at your earliest convenience. Very respectfully, OTIS ASHMORE, Corresponding Secretary Ga. Hist. Soc. Corpus Christi College, Oxford, December 23, 1910 To the Secretary of the Georgia Historical Society: Dear Sir : In respect to the date of the admission of James Edward Oglethorpe to the University, I have relied on the help of Mr. R. Lane Poole, keeper of the archives of the University, as I was myself leaving Oxford at the time of receiving your letter. The information which he has kindly sent to me is as follows : In the Register of Matriculations (reference letters in the University Archives A I). "Julv 9 1714 term. S. Trin. Jacobus Oglethorpe E C. C. C. 16 Theoph. f. Sti. Jacobi Lond. Eq. filiu natu minor." (Archives ref : A F.) In the Autograph Subscription Book Oglethorpe signs himself under the same date, July 9, 1714. "James Oglethorpe e C. C. C. Eq : Aur. filius natu minor." (Archives ref: A F.) Mr. R. Lane Poole adds that the 16 following C. C. C. is undoubtedly his age, since it is the regular practice to write it so. There can be no question as to the accuracy of the dates, owing to the double entry and the order of admissions. In the case of Lewis Oglethorpe, he appears in the Subscription Book as, "Lewis Oglethorpe e C. C. C. Eq : filus natu max." In the Matriculations Register, March 16, 1698-9, is the date and the age 15 is added after his college. So that in this case the date you quote is quite correct according to the University Books. The translation would be as follows : "July 9, 1714, Trinity Term, James Oglethorpe of C. C. C. (aged) 16, younger son of Theophilus (Oglethorpe) Knight, of St. James' London." The dates are confirmed by the Buttery Books of the College. Ludov. Oglethorpe appears in 1698. Jac. Oglethorpe in 1714. The latter name disappears from the books on May 3, 1717. It was re-entered on June 25, 1719, and finally disappeared on October 20, 1727. I trust that this information will make it quite clear to your Society that the date of admission of James Oglethorpe was the later date of those you suggest. The information as to the Corpus Buttery Books I have taken from the History of the College by the late president, T. Fowler, published by the Oxford Historical Society. I have no doubt it is correct, but will verify the references on my return to Oxford and advise you at once if I discover any error. I should post this information at least by the 20th January. If there is or will be any account of the monument in the press which you could without trouble forward to me, I should be very much obliged, as it could not fail to interest the College. I should be glad to get it reprinted in our College Magazine. I am Yours faithfully, WILLIAM PHELB, Dean of C. C. O From these investigations it is perfectly clear that Oglethorpe, the founder of Georgia, was named James Edward, and that he was born December 22, 1696. From these records it likewise appears that there was an elder brother, named also James, who was born June 1, 1689, and who died in infancy June 15, 1690. This fact of an elder brother James, evidently unknown to the early biographers of Oglethorpe, has created all the confusion. The typographical error of "1704" for 1714 as the year of his entrance into Corpus Christi College tended to increase this confusion. It was for the very purpose of determining this point that an effort was made to obtain the record of the names of the other children together with the dates of their births and baptisms. While the record of some of these seem not to be complete, there can be no doubt of the correctness of the record of James Edward, and this is the only matter that need concern us. It will be observed that Oglethorpe upon entering Corpus Christi College gave his age at 16 years, when in reality he was a little over 17 years. An interesting fact revealed by the Buttery Books of the college is the statement that Oglethorpe's name appears on the books from July 9, 1714 to May 3, 1717, then disappears from May 3, 1717 to June 25, 1719, when it was re-entered and continues to appear till October 20, 1727. It is well known that Oglethorpe left Oxford soon after he entered to join the army of Prince Eugene on the Continent, and that he returned to England in 1718. But as he was elected to Parliament from Surrey in 1722, it is difficult to understand these entries on the Buttery Books of the college from 1719 to 1727. Did he actually return to Oxford after his military experience on the Continent to complete his course, or was his name thus continued on the books for some technical reason without his actual presence? This matter is only incidental to the question of his name and the date of his birth, but it is an interesting one nevertheless, and doubtless it can be explained by those more familiar with the early forms of English university life. It must be remembered that the date of Oglethorpe's birth as here given is expressed in the old style of reckoning time, as the new style was not adopted in England till 1752. Expressed in new style, therefore, Oglethorpe was born January 2, 1697. The facts herein set forth and the evidence upon which they are based are thus presented in full, in order that the matter so long in doubt may be definitely and finally set at rest. OTIS ASHMORE, Corresponding Secretary Ga. Hist. Society.

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. THE NAME AND THE DATE OF BIRTH OF OGLETHORPE. It must be remembered that the date of Oglethorpe's birth as here given is expressed in the old style of reckoning time, as the new style was not adopted in England till 1752. Expressed in new style, therefore, Oglethorpe was born January 2, 1697. OTIS ASHMORE, Corresponding Secretary Ga. Hist. Society.

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. THE NAME AND THE DATE OF BIRTH OF OGLETHORPE. ...The record of the entry of James Oglethorpe into Corpus Christi College, Oxford, is thus given by Harris: "1704, Jul. 9, term. S. Trin. Jacobus Oglethorpe, e C. C. C. 16. Theoph. f. Sti. Jacobi. Lond. Equ. Aur. Alius natu minor."That is, In Trinity Term, July 9, 1704, James Oglethorpe, aged 16, youngest son of Sir Theophilus Oglethorpe, of St. James's, London, was admitted into Corpus Christi College.

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. THE NAME AND THE DATE OF BIRTH OF OGLETHORPE. ...He matriculated at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, on 8 July, 1714, but had already obtained a commission in the British army in 1710."

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. ADDRESS OF HON. WALTER G. CHARLTON. "Near two centuries ago [1711] a man of strong and noble nature sought here and there in London a missing friend, whose character and kindly qualities kept him in affectionate remembrance. His search brought him at length to the debtors' prison of the Fleet, where in vilest surroundings, deliberately imprisoned in a narrow cell with victims of small-pox, he found the friend of his youth, dying of that loathsome disease. When he departed from that horrible scene, his life was consecrated to a great purpose. ..."But on the day when Oglethorpe moved by the misfortune of a friend passed through the portals of the Fleet to find Robert Castell suffering amid the unspeakable brutalities of the debtors' prison the tortures of small-pox, there was no public conscience to be aroused to horror. When Hampden stormed with vivid bursts of eloquence in the British parliament, appealing to the eternal principles of liberty, though they brought down upon him the wrath of royalty, his words found lodgment in the souls and memories of thousands, to grow and develop until in time all England responded to the truths he had proclaimed. The sentiment and the crisis were at hand. But upon this man was to fall not only the responsibility of meeting and overcoming a great evil by the force of his individuality, but of creating the opportunity without which his enthusiasm and devotion must fade and perish for want of that upon which it must take root to live.

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. ADDRESS OF HON. WALTER G. CHARLTON. ...Influence and opportunity brought him a commission, in his fifteenth year, under Marlborough, and after the peace of 1712 he served under Prince Eugene in the campaigns on the Danube. There could have been no better martial schooling. But in this English boy was something beyond military enthusiasm. Working in his active brain was the constructive force which moulds statesmen, and so directs and rules the destinies of nations.

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. THE NAME AND THE DATE OF BIRTH OF OGLETHORPE. ...He matriculated at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, on 8 July, 1714, but had already obtained a commission in the British army in 1710. ...The typographical error of "1704" for 1714 as the year of his entrance into Corpus Christi College tended to increase this confusion. ...It will be observed that Oglethorpe upon entering Corpus Christi College gave his age at 16 years, when in reality he was a little over 17 years. ...An interesting fact revealed by the Buttery Books of the college is the statement that Oglethorpe's name appears on the books from July 9, 1714 to May 3, 1717, then disappears from May 3, 1717 to June 25, 1719, when it was re-entered and continues to appear till October 20, 1727. It is well known that Oglethorpe left Oxford soon after he entered to join the army of Prince Eugene on the Continent, and that he returned to England in 1718. But as he was elected to Parliament from Surrey in 1722, it is difficult to understand these entries on the Buttery Books of the college from 1719 to 1727. Did he actually return to Oxford after his military experience on the Continent to complete his course, or was his name thus continued on the books for some technical reason without his actual presence? This matter is only incidental to the question of his name and the date of his birth, but it is an interesting one nevertheless, and doubtless it can be explained by those more familiar with the early forms of English university life.

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. In 1718 he returned to his estate in England, and in 1722 was elected to parliament from the county of Surrey.

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. In 1718 he returned to his estate in England, and in 1722 was elected to parliament from the county of Surrey. He soon became interested in the reformation of abuses which disgraced prison life at that time, and his sympathies were especially engaged for the relief of the honest but unfortunate debtors who were thrown into prison. He was made chairman of a commission to investigate these abuses, and it occurred to him that a colony could be established for these people in America between the Carolinas and the troublesome Spaniards, who claimed all the territory south of the Savannah river.

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. ADDRESS OF HON. WALTER G. CHARLTON. He might in the parliamentary career upon which he entered in 1722, have attained distinction, or, restive in the subservient crowd which dog the footsteps of the great, he might have gone prematurely to that life of quiet which in the distance awaited his coming. It was otherwise ordained. The pen of a great novelist a century later aroused to indignant protest the English mind against the iniquities of imprisonment for debt, and the echo of that far off revolution in public sentiment sounded at length in the constitution of Georgia.

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. ADDRESS OF HON. WALTER G. CHARLTON. "The England of 1729 took no heed of what fate might befall the insolvent debtor. Misfortune and misery excited its mirth; and compassion like some feeble growth slightrooted in arid soil, sent its weak and nerveless tendrils here and there in fitful and uncertain ways toward what might prove support. The man and the evil stood face to face, and singly and alone, as in the tales Where moved the knights-errant of the age of poesy, he gave fight until the sheer gallantry of the spectacle began to make a responsive thrill, and gather to him, one by one, the kindred spirits which, few in number, but worthy of the cause in which they fought, stood with him until the glorious end became a conclusion never to be undone in the history of man. His chivalrous heart, full of indignant pity for the sorrows upon which he looked, Oglethorpe introduced into parliament a resolution of inquiry into the conditions of the debtors' prisons. The investigation which followed revealed, in the language of an historian of that epoch, 'infamous jobbery and more infamous cruelty on the part of prison officials.' With the report came the opportunity without which the greatness of individuals means nothing.

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. ADDRESS OF HON. WALTER G. CHARLTON. "As they stood at that historic moment beneath the marvelous blue of the February [1732] sky—free as the winds which sighed through the majestic pines which surrounded them—their memories aglow with the hospitality which had received and sheltered them as their voyage drew to its conclusion on the neighboring shores of Carolina, no happier people ever faced the serious responsibilities of life. About them was grace and song and beauty; before them, the prospect of rest and content; within them, the peace of God. The tempestuous Atlantic, with its wintry wastes, had become a memory; and in the dim vistas of the past, the cruel bitterness of man's brutality was fading away as the phantoms of the night before the warmth and splendor of the rising sun. They were not makers of history, these six score men and women from the debtors' prisons of England. They were the opportunity through which history is made. With all the limitations the condition suggests, they had been the victims of the most merciless system of laws which ever disgraced a civilized country—and were now free; free to take up the broken journey of a life which, burdened as it had been with measureless suffering, had yet been untouched by the vice and dishonesty which surrounded it hour by hour. They were good men who had failed in the practical affairs of life, and from whom had departed the buoyancy of youth. They had marked time as ambition hurried by and was lost. And yet, when the last man stepped ashore on that historic day the echo of his footfall was to sound down the centuries; the historian was to take up a new story in the annals of nations—for the great tide in human affairs had turned definitely to its upward flow. "There had been nothing like it in the history of mankind. They were of the weak and oppressed of earth. Few in number; untrained in military venture, unskilled in civic construction, their mission was to build for all time an empire in a wilderness and hold it against the warlike savage and the armies and navies of one of the greatest powers of Europe. Even as they set foot upon the shore, facing them were the hordes of Indians whom they were to resist, whilst to the south were gathering like unto the storm-clouds of the coming tempest the hosts of Spain. Yet from the tragic elements of failure came victory, for in the divine purposes of the Almighty it had been ordained at that moment there should stand upon the soil of Georgia the one man in all the world through whom victory might come. "A great artist, under the inspiration of a great subject, has brought to triumphant conclusion a work of art which, for all time, will hold the attention and interest of those whose vision rises above the sordid and groveling concerns of life and takes within its scope the things which charm and ennoble thought and action. To him who loves art for art's sake, the faithfulness of detail; the grace of outline; the strength of pose; the historic perfection of the portrayal will hold in fascination. What the Georgian will see and what he will carry in his memory from this historic spot will be the recollection of a strong, dominant warrior, with the fighting look upon his face—resolute and unconquerable—in the wisdom of Providence destined to stand on Georgia soil and in one momentous day end forever a conflict which had convulsed the civilization of Europe for centuries; and to see as he sheathed his victorious sword what would be in time the greatest monument it was ever given to man to rear—a free and sovereign State. "Human force and genius are so often contrasted with the grave crises which threaten to destroy the organized affairs of men, that when emergencies occur we instinctively search the perspective for the inevitable relief. The tension of the situation reacts upon the tendencies of given minds and won or lost no great cause ever swayed the hopes and emotions of mankind but from the stress and conflict sprang some heroic spirit to leave its shining record on the pages of history. Of the greatness of Oglethorpe is the fact that no crisis was at hand when he started upon the illustrious career, in recognition of which a grateful people this day do homage to his memory. In the times in which he began life the direction in which his steps led was along the beaten path of thousands. A military apprenticeship under generals of renown; a parliamentary career of more or less usefulness; a respectable and quiet old age amid the congenial surroundings of a privileged class—it was the common fate of those from whom he came. "The imagination falters as it attempts to reconstruct the conditions upon which the contemporaries of Oglethorpe looked with the complacency which hourly contact induces. In military prowess; in terrific hardships upon land and sea; in shrewd and cunning diplomacy and politics, the age was supreme. For the simpler and nobler qualities from which are evolved the patriot and the brother, there was neither place nor recognition. The greatest soldier of the age did not hesitate to sell his country for gold; the poet on bended knee served the fruitions of his soul to the taste of the dissolute in power; the statesman pandered to the vices of those who could repay in coin and place the eloquence which belonged to the race and not to the individual. Jeffries had not long since ridden upon his circuit, with a sneer upon his lips, sending to the gallows, amid the brutal clamor of the accompanying mob, women and children for offenses which now receive the least of punishments. The poor were despised; the sick abandoned; the stricken in mind maltreated and exhibited for money. Deep down in all of this misery, friendless and hopeless, forgotten of friend and kindred, removed even from the exhausted malice of foes, was the insolvent debtor whose only crime was his inability to deliver at the moment of demand the money he had promised to pay.

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. Published by Georgia Historical Society, Savannah, Ga. Savannah Morning News, 1909. PART II: A HISTORY OF THE ERECTION AND DEDICATION OF THE MONUMENT TO GEN'L JAMES EDWARD OGLETHORPE Unveiled in Savannah, Ga., November 23, 1910. Published by the Georgia Historical Society. Savannah, Ga. The Morning News 1911. 1911 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE MOVEMENT. On the 18th day of May, 1901, a charter was granted by the Superior Court of Chatham County to the Oglethorpe Monument Association. This Association was formed by six representatives each from the Georgia Society of Colonial Dames of America, the Sons of the Revolution, the Daughters of the American Revolution, and the Society of Colonial Wars. Its first meeting was held on Nov. 28, 1902, and the object of the Association was to combine the efforts of these four patriotic societies toward the raising of funds for the erection of a suitable memorial in Savannah to the memory of the truly great man who was the founder of our State. The moneys which some of the various societies had been raising separately, were turned into the common treasury of the Association, and increased in like manner from time to time until they amounted, in the year 1905, to approximately $5,000. In the summer of that year, at the request of the president of the Colonial Dames, the representatives from Chatham County in the Legislature took up the matter of securing State recognition and aid for the monument, and on July 12, 1905, a joint resolution was introduced in the House to provide for the erection of a monument. This resolution was referred to the Committee on Appropriations and having been more than once voted down in the committee, was finally reported back favorably on August 10, 1905, with the recommendation that the sum of $15,000 be appropriated for the purpose, and the resolution received its second reading. Nothing further was done in regard to it at that session. During the next session, in the summer of 1906, the resolution met with a stormy and checkered career and was several times apparently hopelessly shipwrecked before gaining its final passage. Under resolution introduced in the House June 27, 1906, Honorable Walter G. Charlton was invited to address a joint session of the General Assembly on the life and services of General Oglethorpe, and this address was delivered a short time afterward. On August 2, 1906, the bill carrying the appropriation of $15,000 for the monument came up for passage. It was referred to the Committee of the Whole, where it was only saved from defeat by the adoption of an amendment offered by its friends, providing that the monument should be erected in Chippewa Square and reciting that the title to said square was in the State of Georgia. The committee then reported the bill back favorably as amended. The report of the committee was agreed to, but on the passage of the bill by aye and nay vote it was apparent that it could not pass, and "before the vote could be announced the bill was tabled on motion of Mr. Anderson of Chatham." On Saturday, August 11th, the bill was, on motion, taken from the table for the purpose of declaring the vote there on, which was announced to be ayes 70, nays 51, and the bill having failed to receive the requisite constitutional majority was declared to be lost. On motion the action of the House in defeating the bill was then re-considered. A resolution was immediately introduced and referred to the Rules Committee to make the bill a Special Order for August 13th. On the morning of August 13th, the last day when the bill could be considered by the House, the Rules Committee submitted a report making the bill a Special Order for that day. This was voted down by the House. At the afternoon session of August 13th, on motion of Mr. Flynt of Spalding, by yea and nay vote of 83 to 25 the House re-considered its action of the morning in refusing to make a Special Order, and adopted the Rules Committee's report. The bill was then taken up for passage, and a substitute bill offered by the Chatham delegation was passed by a vote of 91 to 35. The bill was immediately transmitted to the Senate and received its first reading there the same afternoon. The next morning, August 14th, it was reported favorably by the Senate Committee on Appropriations and received its second reading, and on the afternoon of August 15th, the last day of the Legislative session of 1906, was placed on its passage and finally enacted into law. It was approved by Governor Terrell on August 16th, 1906, and the following Commission was appointed by him to take charge of the work in the name of the State and carry it on to completion: Hon. J. Randolph Anderson, Chairman, Hon. P. A. Stovall, Hon. A. A. Lawrence. Hon. Walter G. Charlton, Hon. P. W. Meldrim, Hon. J. H. Estill, Col. A. R. Lawton, All of Savannah; Hon. R. E. Park, Hon. Allen D. Candler, Hon. W. G. Cooper, All of Atlanta; Hon. Joseph R. Lamar, of Augusta, Hon. H. F. Dunwoody, of Brunswick. Hon. J. H. Estill died during the administration of Gov. Hoke Smith, who appointed Hon. R. J. Davant of Savannah in his place. Hons. R. E. Park and Allen D. Candler also died, and Gov. Joseph M. Brown appointed as their succeccors Wymberley J. De Renne and J. Florance Minis, both of Savannah. The Act as passed by the Legislature of 1906 read as follows: • Whereas, the State of Georgia contains no fitting memorial to its founder and first Governor, that great soldier, statesman and philanthropist, General James Oglethorpe; and, • 2nd. Whereas, it is now verging on two centuries since he founded and fostered this people, protected and defended them from dissension within, and invasion without, and fitted Georgia for its great career as a sovereign State, and • 3rd. Whereas, It is eminently fitting and desirable that the people of this State shall make manifest their veneration, loyalty and gratitude for the life and services of that great man by the erection of a proper memorial or monument to the memory of its distinguished founder, in the city in which he first established the youngest of the American colonies, and which thus became the cradle of Georgia; and, • 4th. Whereas, The Oglethorpe Monument Association, composed of members of the various patriotic societies in this State, has been incorporated for this purpose and has raised by popular subscription a considerable sum, therefore; • 5th. Be it resolved by the House of Representatives, the Senate concurring, That the sum of fifteen thousand dollars ($15,000) be, and the same is, hereby set aside and appropriated from money in the treasury not otherwise appropriated, for the purpose of erecting an adequate memorial, or monument, to General James Oglethorpe in the city of Savannah; the said memorial or monument, to be erected in Chippewa Square in said City, the title to said square being owned by the State. The amount hereby appropriated, the sum of seventy-five hundred dollars shall be available in the year 1907, and the sum of seventy-five hundred dollars shall be available in the year 1908. This appropriation shall be expended by and under the direction, supervision and control of the Governor of the State, and upon warrants drawn by him upon the Treasury accordingly. The Governor of the State is hereby authorized to permit the Oglethorpe Monument Association to be associated in the work herein provided for, and to augment this appropriation by such additional amount as said Oglethorpe Monument Association may desire to contribute; provided that the same shall be not less than $5,000 and that said memorial or monument, shall have upon it, either inscribed or raised, or by tablet, the words: • "Erected by the State of Georgia to the memory of its founder, the great soldier, eminent statesman and celebrated philanthropist, General James Oglethorpe, who in this City on the 12th day of February A. D. 1733, established the Colony of Georgia." • Resolved further, by the authority aforesaid, That all laws and parts of laws in conflict with this resolution be, and the same are hereby repealed. Approved August 20th, 1906. This Act was amended by a later Act approved July 20th, 1909. This amending Act changed the wording of the inscription to be placed on the monument and provided that it should read as follows: "Erected by the State of Georgia, the City of Savannah and the patriotic societies of the State to the memory of the great soldier, eminent statesman and famous philanthropist, General James Edward Oglethorpe, who in this City on the 12th day of February A. D. 1733 founded and established the Colony of Georgia." This amending Act also provided for the celebration of the unveiling of the monument as follows: Be it further resolved, That the Governor of this State be and he is hereby requested to cause the attendance of the military forces of this State to participate in the ceremonies attending the unveiling of said monument when the same shall take place, and to invite the attendance and participation of the Executive and military forces of our neighboring sister States; the States of South Carolina and Florida, whose early history is closely interwoven with our own, and between which the Colony founded by Oglethorpe was designed to serve as a military barrier, and the States of Alabama and Mississippi, whose domains formed a part of the original territory of the Colony of Georgia. The Oglethorpe Monument Commission began its work in the autumn of 1906, and after a considerable period of investigation and deliberation, placed the execution of the work in the hands of the celebrated sculptor, Mr. Daniel Chester French, who associated with him Mr. Henry Bacon, one of the most prominent architects of New York City. It became apparent to the Commission, from the outset, that a suitable memorial could not be obtained with the funds then available, and that the appropriation from the State would have to be supplemented from outside sources, and it was decided to rely upon such further assistance and not to attempt to confine the monument to the funds then in the hands of the Commission and in the treasury of the Oglethorpe Monument Association. The chairman and other members of the Commission appeared before the City Council of Savannah on May 10, 1909, and presented a petition for an appropriation of $15,000 toward the erection of a suitable memorial. This was granted and the City of Savannah appropriated the sum of $15,000, of which it was provided that the sum of $12,000 should be used by the Commission for the erection of the monument, and $3,000 should be utilized in the preparation of the site and toward expenses of the unveiling. The funds thus received were further supplemented by additional subscriptions from the various patriotic societies mentioned above and from other organizations as well as from individual citizens; thus raising the total amount in the hands of the Commission, available for the monument and its surroundings, up to the sum of $38,000, for which amount the contract had been made by the Commission with the sculptor, Mr. French. OFFICIAL SOUVENIR PROGRAM OF THE Ceremonies at the Dedication of the Monument ERECTED TO THE MEMORY OF General James Edward Oglethorpe SAVANNAH, GA. NOVEMBER 23, 24, 25, 1910. 1733 Colonial Seal of Georgia. 1910 Present Seal of Georgia.

MONUMENT TO GEN'L JAMES EDWARD OGLETHORPE-2 A SKETCH OF THE LIFE OF OGLETHORPE. General James Edward Oglethorpe, son of Sir Theophiltis and Eleanor (Wall) Oglethorpe, was born in England December 22, 1696. At an early age he entered Corpus Christi College, Oxford, but he soon left that institution for an active military life. Having served several years in the British army, under the Duke of Marlborough, he became secretary and aid-de-camp to the famous Prince Eugene of Savoy, with whom he learned the art of war. In 1718 he returned to his estate in England, and in 1722 was elected to parliament from the county of Surrey. He soon became interested in the reformation of abuses which disgraced prison life at that time, and his sympathies were especially engaged for the relief of the honest but unfortunate debtors who were thrown into prison. He was made chairman of a commission to investigate these abuses, and it occurred to him that a colony could be established for these people in America between the Carolinas and the troublesome Spaniards, who claimed all the territory south of the Savannah river. A company was organized, a charter obtained, and Oglethorpe with about one hundred and thirty passengers set sail for America November 17, 1732, and on February 12, 1733 he landed at the present site of Savannah, where he found a small tribe of Indians with Tomochichi as chief. Having made friends with the Indians, he laid out the town, fortified it, and built many houses. In 1734 Oglethorpe sailed for England, taking with him Tomochichi and several other Indian chiefs to impress them with England's power. In 1736 he returned to Georgia and engaged in the active work of the colony. He laid out Augusta, made treaties of friendship with the Indians, founded Frederica and fortified it. In 1740 he made a bold attack upon the Spaniards at St. Augustine, but owing to the strength of the fort and to sickness in his army he abandoned the siege. At the battle of Bloody Marsh in 1742, he drove the Spaniards from Georgia, and established the English claim to the territory. On July 23, 1743, ten and a half years after his first landing Oglethorpe set sail for England, never to return. In 1744 he was married to Elizabeth Wright of Cranham Hall. After a brief experience in the British army in 1745, he retired from active service to his estate, where he spent the remainder of his long life, "the soul of honor, the embodiment of loyalty and valor, and the model of manly grace and courtesy." He died at the age of eighty-nine years on July 1, 1785, and was buried in Cranham church. Fitting indeed it is that Georgia should perpetuate in enduring stone and bronze the virtues of her brave and heroic founder, and upon the pedestal of his monument inscribe in imperishable letters the name of OGLETHORPE. "Thy great example shall through ages shine, A favorite theme with poet and divine; To all unborn thy merits shall proclaim, And add new honors to thy deathless name." [1741 A View of the Town of Savannah] References on map: A. Part of an island called Hutchinson’s Island. B. The Stairs & Landing Place from the River to the Town. C. Crane(?) & Bell to draw up any Goods from Boats & to land them. D. A Tent pitched near the Landing for Genl. Oglethorpe. E. A Guard House with a Battery of Cannon lying before it. F. The Parsonage House G. A Plott of Ground to build a Church on. H. A Fort, or Look out to the Woodside. I. The House for all Stores. J. (skipped?) K. The Court House & Chappel. L. The Mill House for the Publick. M. A House for all Loungers(?) to reside in. N. The Common Bake-House O. A Draw-Well for Water P. The Wood Covering the Back and Sides of the Town with Several Vistas cut into it. [1911 Savannah Today]

History of the Monument The Oglethorpe Monument Association was chartered by the Superior Court of Chatham County, May 18, 1901. This Association was formed by six representatives each, from the Georgia Society of Colonial Dames of America, the Sons of the American Revolution, the Daughters of the American Revolution, and the Society of Colonial Wars. Its object was to combine the efforts of these four patriotic societies toward raising the funds for the erection of a suitable memorial in Savannah to General James Edward Oglethorpe, the founder of the colony of Georgia. In the summer of 1905, the representatives from Chatham county in the Legislature took up the matter of securing state recognition and aid for the monument, and introduced a bill for the appropriation of $15,000 for the purpose. This appropriation was made by the Legislature in the summer of 1906, and a commission was appointed by the Governor to take charge of the work in the name of the state. The Commission consisted of Hon. J. Randolph Anderson, chairman, Hons. P. A. Stovall, A. A. Lawrence, Walter G. Charlton, P. W. Meldrim, J. H. Estill and Col. A. R. Lawton, of Savannah; Hons. R. E. Park, State Treasurer, Allen D. Candler and W. G. Cooper, all of Atlanta; Hon. Jos. R. Lamar, of Augusta, and Hon. H. F. Dunwoody, of Brunswick. The Commission entrusted the execution of the work to the celebrated sculptor, Daniel Chester French, who associated with him Mr. Henry Bacon, one of the most prominent architects of New York City. On May 10, 1909, the City of Savannah, on the application of the Commission, appropriated $15,000 to the monument, of which it was provided that $12,000 should be used for the erection of the monument, and $3,000 should be utilized in the preparation of the site and towards the expenses of the unveiling. The monument is now completed, and consists of a heroic statue of General Oglethorpe in bronze in the uniform of a British General of the period. The figure is about ten feet in height, and stands upon a pink-gray marble pedestal or die upon a base of the same material. The base is carved with garlands of flowers and of pine cones resting upon palmetto leaves, and is cornered by four lions rampant, each holding a shield. Upon one of these shields is carved the Coat of Arms of Oglethorpe, and upon the others the Coats of Arms or Great Seals of the Colony of Georgia, of the State of Georgia, and of the City of Savannah. The general design of the monument is Italian renaissance, and has a stone bench on either side. The northern and southern ends of the plot in which the monument stands are closed by an exhedra in Indiana limestone, backed by low shrubbery. [1734 Tomochichi and Tooanahowi painting] [Inscription is in German(?): “Portrait of Tomo-Chi-Chi at 91 [sic], with the nephew who was his adapted son, Tooanakowhi. Painted by Verelst in London during their stay there with Oglethorpe, whose successful establishment of the Georgia Colony was largely due to Tomo-Chi-Chi's friendship and loyalty.” [Digital Public Library of America https://dp.la/item/b64315ff5840f59ddd324096ba0c5445] [Memorial Seat of Oglethorpe, Savannah, Ga,] [Tomochichi Monument, Savannah, Ga.] OFFICIAL PROGRAM. WEDNESDAY MORNING, 11:30 O'CLOCK. INVOCATION, by Rt. Rev. F. F. Reese, Bishop of Georgia. ADDRESS, by Hon. J. Randolph Anderson, Chairman Oglethorpe Monument Commission, on the History of of the Monument. ADDRESS, by Acting British Ambassador, Hon A. Mitchell Innes. ADDRESS, by Hon. Walter G. Charlton, on the Life, Character and Services of Oglethorpe. UNVEILING OF THE MONUMENT, by His Excellency Joseph M. Brown, Governor of Georgia, assisted by the President of the Georgia Society of Colonial Dames of America. PARADE AND GRAND REVIEW OF TROOPS in Park Extension by the Governors of Georgia, South Carolina and Alabama; Sixteen Companies of U. S. Regulars, Forty Companies of State Troops, Three Companies of Blue Jackets, and Marines from U. S. Cruiser Birmingham. WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON, 3 :00 O'CLOCK. (In Park Extension.) Cavalry Tilt. U. S. Regulars vs. Georgia Troops. Two Teams of Six Men, Eleventh U. S. Cavalry. Two Teams of Six Men, Georgia Hussars. Two Teams of Six Men, Liberty Independent Troop. One Team of Six Men, Governor's Horse Guards. WEDNESDAY EVENING, 8:15 O'CLOCK. (Athletic Park.) Military Rough Riders Exhibition and Spectacular Exercises. Cavalry Marching Drill, Bareback Hurdling, Roman Riding, etc., by selected troop of Eleventh Cavalry, U. S. A. Spectacular Exhibition Drill, Musical Drills, by Seventeenth Infantry, U. S. A. UNVEILING AND DEDICATION The day was an ideal one for the historic occasion. A cloudless autumnal sky showered the splendors of a soft Southern sun upon a scene of rare impressiveness and beauty. State and national flags, banners and gay bunting, lent an added charm to the rich foliage of crimson and gold, while brilliant military uniforms and handsome dress completed a picture worthy of a painter's brush. The monument itself in mute dignity, and veiled with the flags of Georgia and England united, rose from the centre of Chippewa square, and around its base were grouped the distinguished representatives of a sentiment which at last had found concrete expression from the hearts of an appreciative people in enduring marble and bronze. On the left was the Commission appointed by the state to execute the work. By their side sat the sculptor, Daniel Chester French, whose genius and artistic skill had created the bronze statue of Georgia's heroic founder, soon to be unveiled, and by his side was Mr. Henry Bacon, the architect who designed the marble and stone setting for the main figure itself. In front sat His Excellency, Joseph M. Brown, the Governor of Georgia with his staff, and by his side in appropriate position the Hon. A. Mitchell Innes, acting British Ambassador and representative of the Court of St. James. Governor B. B. Comer of Alabama with his staff fittingly represented Georgia's territorial daughter to the west. Hon. Augustus O. Bacon, Georgia's senior senator, and Hon. Joseph M. Terrell, the junior senator and former Governor, sat next, with Chancellor David C. Barrow of the University of Georgia, Hon. Charles G. Edwards, member of Congress, Col. Daniel C. Kingman of the U. S. Engineers, and other distinguished visitors. Back of these were grouped in reserved seats the Society of Colonial Dames of America, the Daughters of the American Revolution, The Sons of the Revolution, The Society of Colonial Wars, The Georgia Society of the Cincinnati, the Georgia Historical Society, representatives of the United Confederate Veterans, the Hibernia, Victoria, and St. Andrew's Societies; representatives of the Board of Trade, Chamber of Commerce, the Cotton Exchange, the Retail Merchants' Association; the General Committee of the Oglethorpe Monument Celebration, The Daughters of the Confederacy, the Board of Aldermen, the County Commissioners, the Park and Tree Commission, the City and County Officials, Solomon's Lodge of Masons, and many other guests. Around these were grouped the various military companies and thousands of citizens, completely filling the square and the adjacent streets. The gathering of these bodies amidst the strains of martial music was as inspiring as it was dignified and orderly. When all was in readiness the Hon. J. Randolph Anderson, the Chairman of the Commission, conducted to the platform the Rt. Rev. F. F. Reese, the Episcopal Bishop of Georgia, who, after calling upon all to stand and join in the Lord's Prayer, delivered the following invocation: INVOCATION. "Almighty God, who art the author and giver of all good things, and who dost govern all things in Heaven and earth, we give Thee hearty thanks for the spirit of brave adventure to which this state owes its birth, and especially for the courage and spirit of benevolence of thy servant, James Edward Oglethorpe, its founder, whom we commemorate this day. And we beseech Thee to accept and bless this memorial as the expression of our gratitude for his labor and sacrifice for the poor and unfortunate. Grant to all of us, the people of this state, who have entered into his labor and the labors of other men, that we may be so faithful to our trust as citizens of this commonwealth, that peace and happiness, truth and justice, religion and piety may be established among us for all generations. And may Thy holy will be done and Thy kingdom come among us and among all the people of our land, to Thy glory and the everlasting salvation of all men; through Jesus Christ, our Lord. Amen,"

ADDRESS OF HON. J. RANDOLPH ANDERSON. Mr. Anderson then in behalf of the Commission delivering the monument into the hands of the state, made the following address: "We have met here today to celebrate the successful attainment of a great object which for many, many years has been dear to the hearts of the people of our state. For nearly a century successive generations of Georgians have agitated and hoped for the erection of a suitable memorial to the great soldier, statesman and philanthropist who cheerfully sacrificed the comforts of his home and laid aside a most prominent position and distinguished career in England to lead his chosen band of followers across the stormy wastes of the Ocean. As Goldsmith says: 'To distant climes, a dreary scene Where half the convex world intrudes between Through torrid tracts, with fainting steps they go Where wild Altama murmurs to their woe.' "Landing upon this bluff, he pitched his tent and established on the verge of an unexplored wilderness the beginnings of the colony of Georgia—the state which we, her sons, today acclaim with loving pride as the Empire State of the South; the largest, and in material resources, potentially perhaps the greatest of all these American states east of the Mississippi. "It is often said that we live today in a wholly materialistic age, and that our people are so entirely absorbed in the work of the present and in plans for the future that they have no time for thoughts of the past and but scant respect for its deeds; but this distinguished assemblage demonstrates that firmly implanted within us we still possess the deeply rooted conviction of the sturdy Anglo-Saxon stock from which we sprung, that a people without monuments is a people without a history. History itself indeed shows us that a people without monuments is a people without civilization and without progress. No race and no people which have exhibited the trait of commemorating in storied marble or enduring bronze the deeds and virtues of its departed heroes has ever failed to mightily sway the destinies of mankind; and no people or race which has failed to do so has ever left more than a passing imprint on the sands of time. "Of all the great Englishmen who had a hand in the discovery or in the colonization of this continent none is more worthy of being honored by the whole American people than he to whose memory we are paying tribute today; for aside from all other reasons, we know that to his fortitude, to his daring and military skill is due the fact that the dominant language and civilization of North America today is English instead of Spanish. To us Georgians he stands in a closer and dearer relation, for it was upon our soil he wrought out his great work and laid deep and strong the enduring foundations of our state. And, therefore, our people have always gratefully and affectionately revered his memory and will do so till time shall be no more. In the early days while he was still in life the people of the colony made annual celebration of his natal day; and since his death the continued desire has existed to erect a proper tribute to his memory. "Time does not permit of my making mention here of the various efforts that at different periods have been made in this direction nor of how the hopes of our people were thwarted. As the years rolled on these efforts became more frequent and more earnest, but civil war, pestilence and panic all exerted their baleful effect to postpone once and again the desired day and balked the efforts of our people and of the state itself. I am informed that in the year 1860 the lower House of the General Assembly passed a bill carrying an appropriation for a monument to Gen. Oglethorpe, but the fast gathering clouds of the great war between the states were already casting their menacing shadows over the land ; and the Senate felt unable to enact the measure into law. "Many times in the past have patriotic Georgians urged the erection of a fitting monument to Gen. Oglethorpe but it had been reserved to our own day and to our own generation to see this long-cherished and long-deferred hope of our people fulfilled. Today marks an important event in our state's history. At last the cherished dream has become a reality, the long-deferred hope has ripened into fulfillment and Georgia has gathered here today her sons and daughters from Rabun Gap to Tybee Light, and by act of her General Assembly has caused her chief executive and a large part of the military forces of the state to participate in these unveiling ceremonies and to give to them a solemnity and impressiveness worthy of the dignity of the state and of the memory of the truly great man who was its founder. "The day and the occasion are all the more auspicious because we are honored by the presence of the acting ambassador from the Court of St. James to this country, who is here to officially represent the British government and take part in doing honor to the memory of a man of whom both countries have just reasons to be proud. We are also honored by the presence of the chief executive of our sister state of Alabama, whose early history is so closely interwoven with our own; as well as by representatives of the federal government in the presence of the officers and men of a large body of troops and of ships of war. "In the Legislature of 1905 and 1906, of which I was a member, the state determined that the time had at last come when this monument should be erected. By an act approved Aug. 16, 1906, the state was to be supplemented by the funds already raised by the Oglethorpe monument Association, and such other funds as it and the various patriotic societies of the state composing it, and other parties, might contribute. The distinguished gentleman who was then Governor of Georgia, and who is now our junior United States senator, and present with us today, appointed a Commission to carry out the work in the name and on behalf of the state, and did me the honor to appoint me as its chairman. On behalf of the Commission, I now have the honor to make personal report before this audience to the present chief executive of our state as to the actions of the Commission. "Realizing, sir, that such a memorial, as our people desired could not be had with the funds then available, the Commission sought and obtained from the municipality of Savannah the additional sum of $12,000 for the monument and a further sum to aid in the ceremonies of the unveiling. The Commission was very fortunate in being able to enlist the interest and obtain the services of the talented gentleman who is with us today, the great sculptor, Daniel Chester French, who is now generally regarded in this country as the greatest of all living American sculptors. I am proud and happy also to be able to report that he himself considers this monument to be the finest piece of work he has ever done. "The monument, sir, is now completed and the statue is about to be unveiled by your excellency. The Commission has completed its labors in this behalf and is now ready to deliver the monument into the care of the city of Savannah to be preserved for the people of this state."

ADDRESS OF HON. A. MITCHELL INNES. After the address of Mr. Anderson, the Hon. A. Mitchell Innes, the acting British Ambassador and representative of the Court of St. James, spoke as follows: "Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: "It is with peculiar pleasure that I have come among you today to do honor to the brave and accomplished gentleman, whose statue decorates this spot. Oglethorpe was in every way a fitting founder of the great state, to which he alluded as 'the little colony now called Georgia.' "What would he think if he could return to the city of Savannah today and see how great a forest his little plantation has grown? When he landed at Charlestown nearly two hundred years ago in the good ship Anne, of about two hundred tons burden, with his company of 130 souls, who must have been tightly packed in the small craft, not the most vivid imagination could have pictured the brilliant future which that adventurous voyage inaugurated. "Nine years later, indeed, the opposition to the paternal government of Oglethorpe saw nothing better than a scene of desolation, and his opponents complained that he would allow them neither riches, nor property, nor rum to gladden their hearts. They were no better than slaves themselves, according to their own account. "No doubt his government, which his enemies characterized as a jumble of politics and power was despotic, as it had to be in the circumstances, as every beginning must be, and no doubt he maintained a discipline which was irksome to many. But we may be sure that it was at that time not only important, but vitally necessary to the life of the colony, bounded as it was on the south by the territory of a hostile power. If he had allowed the introduction of spirits, or if he had permitted the life of ease, which the possession of slaves would have entailed in the little community, the weakening of energy which would have resulted and the demoralization which might have ensued among the Indian tribes, on who he relied, might have been fatal to the future of the colony. "For Oglethorpe was no Puritan. Quite the contrary; his sympathies were with the Jacobites, and certainly the first feast which the weary travelers enjoyed when they landed on these shores savors but little of Puritanism. A chronicler has kindly handed down to posterity an account of the bill of fare. It consisted of four fat hogs, eight turkeys, besides English beef and fowls and other provisions. A hogshead of punch, that is 63 gallons of that potent beverage; a hogshead of beer, besides large quantities of wine. And when the chronicler went on to notice what evidently struck him as the most remarkable thing about the banquet, as it certainly was: 'And all,' he says, 'was disposed in a manner so regular that no person was drunk.' "The whole of Oglethorpe's life contradicts the accusations which his enemies hurled against him. On the contrary, his was one of those minds filled with a great human love, which refuses to believe that nature has fixed a gulf between this class and that. A born gentleman, he had grasped the truth that the distinction which we, in our little circle, draw between the aristocrat and the peasant comes not of God but of man. More than this, he had grasped a still greater truth, that there is gold of full value in the destitute and the outcast, that the terrible retribution that society visits on the unsuccessful is not always either necessary or just; that in the Fleet and the Marshal sea, those awful prisons of the debtor, there was hidden a human nature full of power to rise, full of the ability to create, wanting only in the strength to burst the gyves which society, which professed but did not always practice Christianity, had firmly welded round their limbs. "You all of you remember the experiences of the immortal Pickwick in the Fleet, when rather than pay the damages which had been unjustly awarded to Mrs. Bardell, he preferred to submit to the penalty of imprisonment. You remembered the cells he looked into, which he mistook for coal cellars, and the atmosphere of depravity and degradation which pervaded the whole place. Yet in his day the debtors' prisons had already been improved, thanks to the efforts of Oglethorpe and later of Howard, who must have been inspired by Oglethorpe's example in the great work of reform which he undertook. "Today, I am glad to say, we have come to a better knowledge of human nature. Slowly we are realizing that prison is not the cure for all social evils; that, far from it, it is often nothing but the nostrum of the quack, which while doing no good to the patient's sickness, induces other disorders not less grave than that which it professes to heal. "In all great reform movements of the present day America is taking an honorable and a prominent part, whether it is for the reform of the prison system, the reform of corrupt municipalities, or the improvement in international relations. The United States has been especially to the fore in the promotion of the friendly settlement of disputes. "At no time in the history of our two countries have the relations been more cordial. There is not a cloud on the horizon. All the difficult boundary disputes have been settled. The complicated questions regarding the use of boundary waters have been regulated, and a joint commission has been established for settling all questions which may arise in the application of the principles laid down and for advising on any other questions that may be referred to it. A quarrel a century old has just been swept away by arbitration. And this result is in no small measure due to the untiring efforts of Mr. Knox and his predecessor, Mr. Root, toward this goal. "Only a few days ago one of your prominent statesmen said to me that he could imagine no dispute between the United States and Great Britain which could not be settled by amicable negotiations or by arbitration, and that he considered the future destinies of the two countries to be indissolubly bound up together. "You may feel sure that those sentiments are heartily reciprocated on the other side of the water, and that, so far as human effort can prevail or good will can reach, we shall do our share toward preserving and cementing a friendship which we regard as one of our most priceless treasures."

ADDRESS OF HON. WALTER G. CHARLTON. After the address of Mr. Innes, the Hon. Walter G. Charlton of Savannah delivered the following oration : "Governor of Georgia, Ladies and Gentlemen, My Fellow Georgians: "Near two centuries ago [1711] a man of strong and noble nature sought here and there in London a missing friend, whose character and kindly qualities kept him in affectionate remembrance. His search brought him at length to the debtors' prison of the Fleet, where in vilest surroundings, deliberately imprisoned in a narrow cell with victims of small-pox, he found the friend of his youth, dying of that loathsome disease. When he departed from that horrible scene, his life was consecrated to a great purpose. With the passing of the years there came a bright day in the long ago, when as the soft voices of spring were calling back to life and glory the sleeping beauties of nature, there landed upon what was destined to become a sovereign state a small band, selected to start upon its career the most remarkable experiment in the history of colonization. The purpose had reached its fulfillment, for the sorrowing friend was Oglethorpe; the adventurers, the passengers of the Anne; the land, the commonwealth which holds our allegiance, our hopes, our happiness. "As they stood at that historic moment beneath the marvelous blue of the February [1732] sky—free as the winds which sighed through the majestic pines which surrounded them—their memories aglow with the hospitality which had received and sheltered them as their voyage drew to its conclusion on the neighboring shores of Carolina, no happier people ever faced the serious responsibilities of life. About them was grace and song and beauty; before them, the prospect of rest and content; within them, the peace of God. The tempestuous Atlantic, with its wintry wastes, had become a memory; and in the dim vistas of the past, the cruel bitterness of man's brutality was fading away as the phantoms of the night before the warmth and splendor of the rising sun. They were not makers of history, these six score men and women from the debtors' prisons of England. They were the opportunity through which history is made. With all the limitations the condition suggests, they had been the victims of the most merciless system of laws which ever disgraced a civilized country—and were now free; free to take up the broken journey of a life which, burdened as it had been with measureless suffering, had yet been untouched by the vice and dishonesty which surrounded it hour by hour. They were good men who had failed in the practical affairs of life, and from whom had departed the buoyancy of youth. They had marked time as ambition hurried by and was lost. And yet, when the last man stepped ashore on that historic day the echo of his footfall was to sound down the centuries; the historian was to take up a new story in the annals of nations—for the great tide in human affairs had turned definitely to its upward flow. "There had been nothing like it in the history of mankind. They were of the weak and oppressed of earth. Few in number; untrained in military venture, unskilled in civic construction, their mission was to build for all time an empire in a wilderness and hold it against the warlike savage and the armies and navies of one of the greatest powers of Europe. Even as they set foot upon the shore, facing them were the hordes of Indians whom they were to resist, whilst to the south were gathering like unto the storm-clouds of the coming tempest the hosts of Spain. Yet from the tragic elements of failure came victory, for in the divine purposes of the Almighty it had been ordained at that moment there should stand upon the soil of Georgia the one man in all the world through whom victory might come. "A great artist, under the inspiration of a great subject, has brought to triumphant conclusion a work of art which, for all time, will hold the attention and interest of those whose vision rises above the sordid and groveling concerns of life and takes within its scope the things which charm and ennoble thought and action. To him who loves art for art's sake, the faithfulness of detail; the grace of outline; the strength of pose; the historic perfection of the portrayal will hold in fascination. What the Georgian will see and what he will carry in his memory from this historic spot will be the recollection of a strong, dominant warrior, with the fighting look upon his face—resolute and unconquerable—in the wisdom of Providence destined to stand on Georgia soil and in one momentous day end forever a conflict which had convulsed the civilization of Europe for centuries; and to see as he sheathed his victorious sword what would be in time the greatest monument it was ever given to man to rear—a free and sovereign State. "Human force and genius are so often contrasted with the grave crises which threaten to destroy the organized affairs of men, that when emergencies occur we instinctively search the perspective for the inevitable relief. The tension of the situation reacts upon the tendencies of given minds and won or lost no great cause ever swayed the hopes and emotions of mankind but from the stress and conflict sprang some heroic spirit to leave its shining record on the pages of history. Of the greatness of Oglethorpe is the fact that no crisis was at hand when he started upon the illustrious career, in recognition of which a grateful people this day do homage to his memory. In the times in which he began life the direction in which his steps led was along the beaten path of thousands. A military apprenticeship under generals of renown; a parliamentary career of more or less usefulness; a respectable and quiet old age amid the congenial surroundings of a privileged class—it was the common fate of those from whom he came. "The imagination falters as it attempts to reconstruct the conditions upon which the contemporaries of Oglethorpe looked with the complacency which hourly contact induces. In military prowess; in terrific hardships upon land and sea; in shrewd and cunning diplomacy and politics, the age was supreme. For the simpler and nobler qualities from which are evolved the patriot and the brother, there was neither place nor recognition. The greatest soldier of the age did not hesitate to sell his country for gold; the poet on bended knee served the fruitions of his soul to the taste of the dissolute in power; the statesman pandered to the vices of those who could repay in coin and place the eloquence which belonged to the race and not to the individual. Jeffries had not long since ridden upon his circuit, with a sneer upon his lips, sending to the gallows, amid the brutal clamor of the accompanying mob, women and children for offenses which now receive the least of punishments. The poor were despised; the sick abandoned; the stricken in mind maltreated and exhibited for money. Deep down in all of this misery, friendless and hopeless, forgotten of friend and kindred, removed even from the exhausted malice of foes, was the insolvent debtor whose only crime was his inability to deliver at the moment of demand the money he had promised to pay. "Appalling as was the condition which prevailed as the century drew to its close, the most frightful manifestation was the unprotested acceptance of it as endurably natural. Removed by the circumstances of birth from its more debasing aspects and influences was born on Dec. 22, 1696, James Edward Oglethorpe. Influence and opportunity brought him a commission, in his fifteenth year, under Marlborough, and after the peace of 1712 he served under Prince Eugene in the campaigns on the Danube. There could have been no better martial schooling. But in this English boy was something beyond military enthusiasm. Working in his active brain was the constructive force which moulds statesmen, and so directs and rules the destinies of nations. He might in the parliamentary career upon which he entered in 1722, have attained distinction, or, restive in the subservient crowd which dog the footsteps of the great, he might have gone prematurely to that life of quiet which in the distance awaited his coming. It was otherwise ordained. The pen of a great novelist a century later aroused to indignant protest the English mind against the iniquities of imprisonment for debt, and the echo of that far off revolution in public sentiment sounded at length in the constitution of Georgia. "But on the day when Oglethorpe moved by the misfortune of a friend passed through the portals of the Fleet to find Robert Castell suffering amid the unspeakable brutalities of the debtors' prison the tortures of small-pox, there was no public conscience to be aroused to horror. When Hampden stormed with vivid bursts of eloquence in the British parliament, appealing to the eternal principles of liberty, though they brought down upon him the wrath of royalty, his words found lodgment in the souls and memories of thousands, to grow and develop until in time all England responded to the truths he had proclaimed. The sentiment and the crisis were at hand. But upon this man was to fall not only the responsibility of meeting and overcoming a great evil by the force of his individuality, but of creating the opportunity without which his enthusiasm and devotion must fade and perish for want of that upon which it must take root to live. "The England of 1729 took no heed of what fate might befall the insolvent debtor. Misfortune and misery excited its mirth ; and compassion like some feeble growth slightrooted in arid soil, sent its weak and nerveless tendrils here and there in fitful and uncertain ways toward what might prove support. The man and the evil stood face to face, and singly and alone, as in the tales Where moved the knights-errant of the age of poesy, he gave fight until the sheer gallantry of the spectacle began to make a responsive thrill, and gather to him, one by one, the kindred spirits which, few in number, but worthy of the cause in which they fought, stood with him until the glorious end became a conclusion never to be undone in the history of man. His chivalrous heart, full of indignant pity for the sorrows upon which he looked, Oglethorpe introduced into parliament a resolution of inquiry into the conditions of the debtors' prisons. The investigation which followed revealed, in the language of an historian of that epoch, 'infamous jobbery and more infamous cruelty on the part of prison officials.' With the report came the opportunity without which the greatness of individuals means nothing. "They fail to grasp the greatness of this man's nature who see in his efforts only the workings of emotional benevolence—the distempered energy which forces its conceptions of altruism upon the poor with no thought for the poor man's dignity of thought and independence of spirit. What moved him to action was a divine wrath against injustice—the scorn of an exalted mind for the besotted barbarities of a practice which found no warrant in the laws of God or the promptings of common humanity. It was characteristic of the situation that when the charter of Georgia came to be signed the names written into it were few—few and known and honored. Written at a time when the great civic and private virtues which illustrate every condition of our day were in a state of dormancy, its language places it among the priceless documents of the ages. Without profit or reward or hope of material benefit to any incorporator, it was recited that his majesty, having taken into consideration the miserable circumstances of many of his own poor subjects, ready to perish for want, as likewise the distress of many poor foreigners who would take refuge here from persecution, hath, out of his fatherly compassion toward his subjects, been graciously pleased to grant a charter for incorporating a number of gentlemen by the name of "The Trustees for establishing a colony of Georgia in America.' "We are accustomed to the spectacle of public altruism, where the plethoric dispenser of charity pursues his complacent way with a staff of newspaper reporters at his heels, and followed by the gaping multitude from whom he has drawn his wealth; and with cheque book in one hand and chisel in the other erects an edifice with the one and with the other carves his ignoble name that we may not forget the incident. But here was a soul crying aloud, like John in the wilderness, with no thought of self, that the helpless might be lifted from the depths of despair and the stricken in spirit take hope for the renewed conflicts of a life which had come to be with them a vague and insubstantial memory. Whatever his eloquence or want of eloquence, from the material of the impossible this one man evolved the possible and the fact; and when the slow processes of legislative inquiry began to quiver into movement, and piece by piece to form in the minds of the few the result which took form in the charter of Georgia, the refuge for the friendless and the oppressed, the first practical step in the direction of moral reform in social conditions had been taken; and although the labor and eloquence of an hundred years were to be expended before the revolution in public sentiment became assured and the Samaritan began once more to travel along the highways of life, the fact remains that among human agencies to the founder of Georgia is to be ascribed the first practical step in the direction of that comprehensive altruism which in our day works to its blessed ends with no hope of reward and no thought of personal importance. "It was not to be conceived that any man, be his persuasiveness what it might, could impress on King or parliament or subject the practicability or desirability of establishing in a distant wilderness beyond the seas a colony for the friendless and the oppressed, without more. The shrewdness of Oglethorpe's mind foresaw that without some practical importance to be given the movement he had in contemplation, something which would appeal to a general sentiment already existing, rather than to one which should exist, but did not, the work he had in view would never progress beyond his hopes. Whatever might be the social degradation to which England had descended, with the consequent indifference to the inevitable results which followed upon such a deplorable condition, in one direction the public sentiment was sound. An appeal which was founded upon the necessity or advisability of extending the military power had prompt and effective response from noble and peasant. Marlborough might traffic with the Court of France, but Marlborough was none the less the great general who had carried the flag of England in triumph through the ranks of continental powers; whilst wherever the ocean beat, over its stormy waves floated in defiant freedom the historic banner which our ancestors loved. "Colonies for the exercise of benevolence were unknown to the statesmanship of that or any other age; but colonies for military purposes were as old as civilization itself. The presentation was attractive; the utility demonstrable. Across the stretches of a vast ocean was a colony favored of the crown and established in the sentiments of the people. To the south and west were tribes of savages of unknown numbers, ready and eager to descend upon its resources, whilst in the offing were gathered the navies of the hereditary foe of England, with which at intervals it had waged desperate warfare extending over centuries of time. So to the project of the benevolent colony was added the alluring prospect of a colony which was to interpose its effective presence between Carolina on the one hand and the Spaniard and Indian on the other. Men might scoff at the opportunity to be furnished the insolvent debtor to redeem his fortunes, but it would not occur to the practical minded Briton to view with indifference a determined body of aggressive Englishmen to be drawn from the fighting stock of the old country and landed upon a distant shore charged with the duty of fighting, and fighting in what to all was not only a good cause, but a cause which had in it the element of temper as well as right. "And so what was apparently the secondary purpose of the settlement of Georgia became by force of circumstances inherent in the original project the real purpose—and the charter in ringing terms made this the only military colony in America. In considering the character and success of Oglethorpe both purposes are to be borne in mind. That his object was really to lift from the deplorable condition in which he was the insolvent debtor, there can be no doubt; that he accepted not only in good faith but with the enthusiasm of one in whom the spirit of chivalry was developed to its highest excellence, the additional charge to carry to success the English arms, is equally certain. No one of his unusual perspicacity could fail to know that a colony of insolvent debtors just from the loathsome prisons of England, however honest they might be, would be worse than useless as a military establishment. It meant in all probability just so many more people to protect. A man who was simply wise without being great and humane would upon the granting of the charter with its two objects, have ignored the one and fixed his hopes upon the other. "If he had followed the paths of his predecessors in colonial experimentation that would have been his determination. If he had in view personal aggrandizement, personal greed, personal privilege, the military feature assured the friendless prisoners would have been relegated to despair. It is to be remembered of this man so long as history shall carry the deeds and greatness of mortals to a discriminating posterity, that in all the years of the administration of the affairs of the colony of Georgia, from the moment when the project took shape in his mind and heart to the moment when, his work accomplished, he saw the lines of her coast recede from his vision [17??]; through the resulting years of honor and dignity, unto the moment when he passed into the peace of eternity, the founder of Georgia never owned a foot of Georgia soil; enjoyed no privilege in her vast domain save such as was necessary to the effective discharge of his public trust; and so far from taking to his profit one cent devoted to her development or the purposes of her settlement, left the service of Georgia and of the crown of England with fortune impaired and never restored by the government which had profited by his work. "You will search in vain through the stories of American colonization, my fellow Georgians, for the instance which suggests remotely the disinterestedness of him in whose honor we are here today. Integrity and disinterestedness in public life as the illustrated Oglethorpe, so made they our people great in the days which followed. Guard with constant watchfulness this priceless heritage, for on that day when we become indifferent to the influence of these virtues; that moment when we view with complacency the give and take of modern politics, so sure as the rising of the sun will be the passing of the republic which Southern thought and sacrifice made possible and Southern tradition and devotion keep secure in the deadly storms which are now shaking it to its foundations. "The occasion is concerned with the individual rather than the incidents which one by one formed his life work into a great historical event, not without its epic setting. Consider for a moment a broad and chivalric nature, trained in the school of military service under the great captains of Europe, at the head of a colony of 120 men and women, broken in for tune and in spirit, bound for a wild country across the tempestuous seas, extending the written words of the charter from the waters of the Savannah to the South seas—a land inhabited by savages of warlike disposition and habit, and menaced by the naval and military power of the ancient and truculent foe of England. Yet when on November 30, 1732, the good ship Anne set sail from Gravesend and turned her prow to the setting sun, at that moment began a distinct epoch not only in the military history of England, but in the moral development of mankind. "Upon that momentous voyage and its conclusion at the hospitable shores of Carolina it is not permissible to dwell at length. Leaving the colonists in the generous care of the noble people of that great colony, Oglethorpe pursued his way to Georgia and in a brief interview with Tomochichi settled for all time the relations between the colony and the Indians. There is no such colonial record anywhere in America. Without this victory of peace the colony could not have progressed, if it could have started upon its way, and it would reflect upon a generous people to forego a passing tribute to that great Georgian of the long ago whose broadness of mind and faithfulness of character made possible the solution of this problem which confronted the colonists at the threshold of their undertaking. It has been said that not a day passes over the earth but men and women of no note do great deeds, speak great words and suffer noble sorrows. Of these obscure heroes, philosophers and martyrs, the greater part will never be known till that hour when many that are great shall be small and the small great; but of others the world's knowledge may be said to sleep; their lives and characters lie hidden from nations in the annals that record them.' "Of these last was Tomochichi, who, when upward of ninety years of age, was fighting the enemies of Georgia. In a neighboring square, a few hundred feet from this spot, where he was laid to rest by the people of Georgia, a noble band of Georgia women, carrying out the forgotten behest of Oglethorpe made in the long ago, have placed as a memorial where he was buried a boulder of Georgia granite. On it is inscribed that he was the Mico of the Yamacraws; the companion of Oglethorpe, and the friend and ally of the colony of Georgia. As they were associated in life, so let them live together in our grateful memories, and let this spot on which stands the monument to the one discard a designation which is meaningless and take on the name of the old warrior whose friendship made possible the peaceful settlement of the colony of Georgia. "From the petty details and annoyances of colonial inauguration, infinitely more trying to one of Oglethorpe's character than the stern hardships and dangers of campaigning, the project in what began to be its more critical phase engrossed the thought and anxiety of the leader. The Indian had been converted into a friend but the war clouds were still gathering to the south. To attempt to stay that storm by the exhibition of one hundred and twenty insolvent debtors would have recalled, amid the derisive laughter of the gods, Xerxes stilling the sounding waves with the uplifting of his hands. But the call to battle which rung in the words of the Georgia Charter had not been unheeded. The first adventurers who sailed in the Anne [1733?] came from the debtors' prison, but the colonists who followed during the next three years were of as free and sturdy a stock as ever ventured forth to extend the prestige and power of England. These freemen from England and Scotland, with the brave-hearted Salsburgers [Saltzburghers], were the substantial colonists of Georgia, and from their arrival here the movement took on new life. "It was a colony as notable for what it did not do as for that which was undertaken and accomplished. It was of the fortune of mankind that at the critical moments the guiding power was in the man who had made the experiment possible. An apparently impossible undertaking which must have appealed to the age in which it was essayed as a comic manifestation, took on a practical business aspect within a few hours of the landing. The Indians became friends; toleration prevailed; civic and military progression went on side by side; even the dreaded witch in free Georgia had more rights than the minister of God who in higher latitudes wandered from colony to colony seeking in vain the rest which his vocation suggested and his character demanded and after centuries of persecution here at last the learned and patient Jew found peace. To the practical mind of Oglethorpe no detail was negligible. As there were no mercenary aims in the venture itself or its development, the grinding processes which were applied elsewhere found no toleration here. It was not only a practical mind which governed, but the mind of a constructive statesman, trained in the hard school of military necessity. "Oglethorpe not only dealt successfully with the petty details of colonial life, but with singular clearness his vision took within its scope the things which were to come. He forbade slavery and prohibited rum, industries which found lodgement only after his departure. The very plan upon which Savannah progresses was formulated by him. The instructed Georgian cannot look in any direction here without being reminded of the great man who was responsible for the existence of Georgia. The fate of the colony was in the keeping of this one man. Had he faltered; had his resources of mind and soul even so much as checked their out-pour at any given time, the experiment had failed. He had already accomplished a great work. The colony of Georgia had been fixed on safe lines, and altruism had been rewritten upon the souls of men. A great man and a great work had come together, and the vitality of a great nature had been breathed into the work. "But the colonization of Georgia even upon such lofty ideals was the accomplishment of only a part of that which Oglethorpe had in mind. As you face his statue, with the naked sword in hand and its defiant and fighting look toward the south, another Oglethorpe confronts you. The statesman has stripped away his robes, and the lieutenant of Marlborough and Eugene, with the problem of centuries before him, awaits the moment when along the narrow edge of the gleaming blade in his hand shall flash the signal of battle, and the old quarrel between England and Spain find its solution. "From the settlement on February 12, 1733, the colony had progressed without special incident for a year. In the summer of that year Oglethorpe had returned to England, accompanied by Tomochichi; and on March 10, 1734, the Purisburg, with the Salsburgers [Saltzburghers], arrived—the Highlanders sailed on the Prince of Wales, Oct. 20, 1735. The London Merchant and the Symond left England with the Frederica colonists on Dec. 21, 1735. Having returned to the colony toward the close of 1736, Oglethorpe again sailed for England to urge the departure of the military contingent. A portion of the troops sailed on May 7, 1738, and the remainder, with Oglethorpe as general, arrived off Jekyl bar on Sept. 18, 1738. "During the intervals, Oglethorpe, with the assistance of Tomochichi, made frequent demonstrations along the Spanish frontier. Hostilities began on November 15, 1739, with the slaying of two Highlanders by the Spaniards, on Amelia Island. Oglethorpe at once gave pursuit, pushing on to the St. John's river, and burning three outposts. Marching in the direction of St. Augustine he attacked and defeated a detachment of the enemy, and attempted unsuccessfully to take Forts St. Francis [Pupo?] and Picolata. Returning on Jan 1, 1740, he burnt the latter and reduced the former. It never occurred to Oglethorpe to stay whipped. Driven off today, he was back on the morrow—a practice which the Spanish governor [Montiano] took much to heart as unreasonable, with a touch of discourtesy to a successful antagonist. "In May, 1740, with an army two thousand strong, consisting of regulars, militia and Indians, with co-operative fleet under Admiral Vernon, he moved on to St. Augustine; captured Fort Moosa [Mose], and signaling the fleet to action, prepared to deliver the assault on the fortifications of the Florida stronghold. The fleet failed to respond and departed, and the unsupported attack from the land becoming thus impracticable, a siege of three weeks followed, which Oglethorpe was finally compelled to abandon. To his repeated and urgent requests for reinforcements the home government made no response, and he had been practically abandoned to his fate when, in the summer of 1741, the long gathering storm burst in all its fury A Spanish fleet of fifty-one sails had appeared in June of that year. Its vessels, in one way and another, were so badly used by Oglethorpe in detail that it finally disappeared, to be replaced on June 28 by the St Augustine fleet of thirty-eight sails, Oglethorpe retarded its movements until July 5, when, after a hot engagement, lasting four hours, it passed the batteries and got out of range toward Frederica, upon which place Oglethorpe fell back—the enemy landing on the south end of St. Simon's. On July 7, 1742, the Spaniards moved on Frederica and Oglethorpe advanced to meet them, and the decisive battle of Bloody Marsh was on. When the smoke cleared away Georgia was free. The battle had not been to the strong. The comment of Oglethorpe was as characteristic as it was modest. 'The Spanish invasion which had a long time threatened the colony, Carolina and all North America, has at last fallen upon us, and God hath been our deliverance.' And George Whitfield said of it, 'the deliverance of Georgia from the Spaniards is such as cannot be paralleled but by some instances out of the Old Testament.' "His work accomplished; his mission fulfilled, on July 23, 1743, he sailed for England, never to see again the land to which he had devoted the best years of his life. He was too great to escape the calumnies of the small and the ingratitude of the narrow. Having passed to payment the expenditures made by him out of his personal fortune, the English government revoked its action and appropriated his money. Having availed themselves of his military talents, the advisers of royalty court-martialed him on grounds which were dismissed as slanderous. Finally, he withdrew from the service of an ungrateful monarch and entered upon the last stage of the journey of life which was to end on July 1, 1785. King and courtier might see in him only a successful rival for the fame which it was not given them to attain, but with the great spirit of his time he became a welcome guest. Authors laid their tributes at his feet and poets bound about his brows the laurel wreaths of victory. Georgia and her fate never passed from his thought. Tradition has it that in the days of the Revolution he was tendered the command of the English forces, and refused to take up arms against the colony he had founded. Whether it be true or no, never in thought or word that history records was he ever disloyal to the colony to which he had devoted the best years of his life. "He had striven with success for the betterment of the weak and helpless in an age of abject selfishness. He had made an empire with a handful of the oppressed of earth, and the work had survived. He had overcome the Indian by persuasion and kindness and won the abiding friendship of the savages he had been sent to slay. He had encountered the most powerful foe [Spain, Montiano] of England and driven him in disastrous defeat before his scant battle-line. Reversing all the traditions of colonial administration, he had been tolerant and just. He was a builder and not an iconoclast; a statesman and not a schemer; a soldier and not a plunderer. "Brave and wise and merciful, the ends he accomplished placed him in historic perspective a century ahead of the day in which he worked. Honest in an era of guile, without fear and without reproach, he comes to us with his unstained record, to live so long as Georgians shall stand upon the ancient ways and see and approve the better things of life. In all his brilliant career—in the hour of stress, in the moment of victory—no clamorous sound of vain and self-applauding words came from his lips There was no need. That which he did sends its paeans down the centuries; and over his illustrious career Georgia stands guard forever."

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. A company was organized, a charter obtained, and Oglethorpe with about one hundred and thirty passengers set sail for America November 17, 1732

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. ADDRESS OF HON. WALTER G. CHARLTON. "The occasion is concerned with the individual rather than the incidents which one by one formed his life work into a great historical event, not without its epic setting. Consider for a moment a broad and chivalric nature, trained in the school of military service under the great captains of Europe, at the head of a colony of 120 men and women, broken in for tune and in spirit, bound for a wild country across the tempestuous seas, extending the written words of the charter from the waters of the Savannah to the South seas—a land inhabited by savages of warlike disposition and habit, and menaced by the naval and military power of the ancient and truculent foe of England. Yet when on November 30, 1732, the good ship Anne set sail from Gravesend and turned her prow to the setting sun, at that moment began a distinct epoch not only in the military history of England, but in the moral development of mankind.

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. ADDRESS OF HON. WALTER G. CHARLTON. ...The first adventurers who sailed in the Anne [1733?] came from the debtors' prison, but the colonists who followed during the next three years were of as free and sturdy a stock as ever ventured forth to extend the prestige and power of England. These freemen from England and Scotland, with the brave-hearted Salsburgers [Saltzburghers], were the substantial colonists of Georgia, and from their arrival here the movement took on new life.

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. The Governor of the State is hereby authorized to permit the Oglethorpe Monument Association to be associated in the work herein provided for, and to augment this appropriation by such additional amount as said Oglethorpe Monument Association may desire to contribute; provided that the same shall be not less than $5,000 and that said memorial or monument, shall have upon it, either inscribed or raised, or by tablet, the words: • "Erected by the State of Georgia to the memory of its founder, the great soldier, eminent statesman and celebrated philanthropist, General James Oglethorpe, who in this City on the 12th day of February A. D. 1733, established the Colony of Georgia." • Resolved further, by the authority aforesaid, That all laws and parts of laws in conflict with this resolution be, and the same are hereby repealed. Approved August 20th, 1906. This Act was amended by a later Act approved July 20th, 1909. This amending Act changed the wording of the inscription to be placed on the monument and provided that it should read as follows: "Erected by the State of Georgia, the City of Savannah and the patriotic societies of the State to the memory of the great soldier, eminent statesman and famous philanthropist, General James Edward Oglethorpe, who in this City on the 12th day of February A. D. 1733 founded and established the Colony of Georgia." 1733 Colonial Seal of Georgia. 1910 Present Seal of Georgia.

DESCRIPTION OF THE MONUMENT. The statue itself is of bronze nine feet in height facing south, and represents Oglethorpe in the full dress of a British general of the period of 1730. It rests upon a pedestal of pink-gray marble in Italian renaissance design. This die rests upon a wide platform ornamented with garlands and tabled on the sides, with a lion rampant on each corner, carrying a shield. Upon the shields are carved the seals of the colony of Georgia, the state of Georgia, the city of Savannah, and the coat-of-arms of Oglethorpe. On the east and west sides of the monument is a marble seat, and on the north and south ends of the quadrangle is an exhedra in limestone inclosing a grass plot. On the south face of the pedestal is carved in colonial style the following inscription: Erected by The State of Georgia The City of Savannah, And the Patriotic Societies of the State To the Memory of The Great Soldier Eminent Statesman, and Famous Philanthropist, General James Edward Oglethorpe who in This City on the 12th Day of February A. D 1733 Founded and Established the Colony of Georgia.

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. ...on February 12, 1733 he landed at the present site of Savannah, where he found a small tribe of Indians with Tomochichi as chief. Having made friends with the Indians, he laid out the town, fortified it, and built many houses.

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. ADDRESS OF HON. WALTER G. CHARLTON. ..."From the settlement on February 12, 1733, the colony had progressed without special incident for a year. In the summer of that year Oglethorpe had returned to England, accompanied by Tomochichi;

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. In 1734 Oglethorpe sailed for England, taking with him Tomochichi and several other Indian chiefs to impress them with England's power.

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. [1734 Tomochichi and Tooanahowi painting] [Inscription is in German(?): “Portrait of Tomo-Chi-Chi at 91 [sic], with the nephew who was his adapted son, Tooanakowhi. Painted by Verelst in London during their stay there with Oglethorpe, whose successful establishment of the Georgia Colony was largely due to Tomo-Chi-Chi's friendship and loyalty.” [Digital Public Library of America https://dp.la/item/b64315ff5840f59ddd324096ba0c5445]

In Collections of the Georgia Historical Society, Vol.7 (and elsewhere)

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. ADDRESS OF HON. WALTER G. CHARLTON. ... and on March 10, 1734, the Purisburg, with the Salsburgers [Saltzburghers], arrived

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. ADDRESS OF HON. WALTER G. CHARLTON. The London Merchant and the Symond left England with the Frederica colonists on Dec. 21, 1735.

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. In 1736 he returned to Georgia and engaged in the active work of the colony. He laid out Augusta, made treaties of friendship with the Indians, founded Frederica and fortified it.

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. ADDRESS OF HON. WALTER G. CHARLTON. Having returned to the colony toward the close of 1736, Oglethorpe again sailed for England to urge the departure of the military contingent.

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. 1739-7-18 Affidavit of Juan Castelnau ...Asked what number of Indians they had under allegiance in those parts, where they were situated, and to what use they were put, he said it seemed to him there were about 200 kept in two towns, one immediately adjacent to New Georgia, in which they had set up a school for the children, and the other must be at Darien; that they were to be used to commit hostilities on the Spaniards and that he had strong proof of this; for while he, the declarant, was there, the Governor of Saint Augustine in Florida had the year before in 1738 written to Captain Gasquin for satisfaction by punishing some Indians guilty of homicide [Pujoy], and that he had seen the same Indians on their return from this affair regaled by him with aguardiente and other things, and told that whenever they brought in Spanish scalps they would be rewarded, and that he had this from a nephew of his.

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. 1739-7-18 Affidavit of Juan Castelnau ...Asked why and when he had been apprehended by the English of the Colonies of New Georgia, where he declared he had been, he answered that it was because they took him for a spy of Spain, and that it was in the beginning of the year 1737 on passing from Florida to Carolina, when he was examined by two tribunals; that after two months of confinement on account of said suspicion, the tribunals finding him guiltless, had enlarged him. Asked how he had passed from Florida to Carolina, and for what reason he was in Florida, he said he had gone from Pensacola, where he had assisted the paymaster of that post, to Florida with the idea of crossing Carolina on his way to Europe in order to return to his own country, and that to that end he had received authority from the Governor of Saint Augustine in Florida, who was then Don Francisco del Moral Sanchez, to make a journey through Carolina. Asked where he had been after being set at liberty in Carolina, as declared by him, and for how long, he answered that returning to Florida for the purpose of seeing if he could not earn some money on account of having spent and consumed that which he had before while a prisoner in Carolina, he had embarked in a pirogue at Port Royal and arrived at Savannah, a town which they said was the capital of New Georgia, through fear of falling in with the English commanding officers of the other ports. He put to sea with the master of the said pirogue, and bad weather coming on, they were driven in and compelled to save their lives by going ashore on an island called Emilia, whence a guard of four Englishmen there stationed took him to Saint Simon's. Here had his residence a commanding officer called Captain Gasquin, who, after enquiring into the reasons which had brought him thither put him aboard the manual or coast guard vessel of the place, invariably forbidding him to communicate with whatever Spanish vessel might be in those waters, until the Commander Don Diego Obletor having arrived from London, he recovered his liberty. Asked in what manner he had proceeded from those parts to Cartagena, he said that Don Diego Obletor had assisted him to embark in a ship sailing to Virginia, whence he had gone by land to Mallorca.* [*Evidently New York; elsewhere In these papers we have Noyorca; the scribe could readily write Mallorca, with which name he was acquainted, for Ifoyorca, of which he had probably never heard before.] Here he embarked in a bilander bound for the French coast of San Domingo, and having arrived, he betook himself to the city, and made report to the President of all that had befallen him ; and the President after taking his declaration, had sent him on to Cartagena, to Don Blas de Leso. Asked if he had been able to learn anything of the posts occupied by the English in those parts, of what strength they were and how fortified before the coming out of the Commander Don Diego Obletor, he answered that he had, that the established posts were Savannah or New Georgia,** containing some 200 houses of wood, very far each from the other, for which reason they take up much room ; the town situated on a bank of the river of the same name, on a bluff forty feet high with a battery of 10 pieces, about 8-pounders, without any garrison whatever, the service of the battery being undertaken by the citizens themselves; that only the area surrounding the battery is inclosed by a stockade of pine loss about 18 feet high and one foot thick, and that the rest of the settlement is open; that at the mouth of the river stood a tower of wood constructed both as a lookout [** It will be remarked that to the affiant, Savannah and New Georgia mean the same thing. Similarly, In the papers that follow, Florida is frequently used where we should write Saint Augustine. Sometimes the context enables us to distinguish between the chief town and the Colony, sometimes It does not. Thus, when Horcasitas tells Montiano "to raze and destroy Carolina and Its plantations," he may mean Charleston and surrounding plantations, or the Colony, though the former Is perhaps the more likely. Where no doubt can exist, the name of the town has been given In the translation. In other cases the MS. has been followed.] and as a beacon for that port, which the English call Tebi, and we Cruces. And farther to the south lies the Island of Saint Simon, before reaching which there is another fort facing the Island of Santa Cathalina [Catalina] which they call Darien, garrisoned by about thirty Scotchmen, and mounting six guns of the same calibre. That in the aforementioned is land [of Saint Simon] there is a town called Frederica situated on the bank of the river Saint Simon, and said to contain thirty or forty houses or huts of boards and palm leaves, with another battery also of ten guns of the said* caliber, without any troops for its service, the citizens acting as guard. * i.e. said of the battery at Savannah. South of this town, say a league and a half, is a careening ground with three or four houses of boards, and on the point on the south of the island they have constructed a battery of sixteen guns of the same calibre to sweep the entrance of the Harbor of Gualquini, which the English call Fort Frederica, beneath whose guns lay the manual [manuel] in which he was a prisoner. Continuing further south, on the Point of Bejecez, on the Isle of Whales stands a fort which they called Saint Andrew with sixteen or twenty men commanded by Captain Makay, mounting ten guns of the same calibre. Still farther south yet is the Island of Emilia which we Spaniards call San Pedro, where they keep four men as a lookout, and have one gun and a stone mortar. That these were at the time in question the settlements, fortifications and forces which they had. He was further of the opinion that all the settlers to be found might number three hundred men, all of whom were capable of bearing arms.

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. PART I: LETTERS OF MONTIANO: SIEGE OF ST. AUGUSTINE Published by Georgia Historical Society, Savannah, Ga. Savannah Morning News, 1909. Introduction GHS has Alvarez’s bound copies of Montiano’s letters unpublished for many years. For many years the Georgia Historical Society has had among its unpublished manuscripts a bound volume of letters written in Spanish, pertaining to the siege of St. Augustine, Florida, by General James Oglethorpe in 1740. These letters were originally written by Don Manuel de Montiano, the Spanish officer then in charge of the military forces at St. Augustine, to his superior officer, Don Juan Francisco de Guemas y Horcasitas, Governor General of Cuba. How GHS got the letters From the minutes of the Society dated September 11, 1843, it appears that attention had been called to the original letters "on hearing a letter from Mr. Brown, of St. Augustine," and it is here further stated, "and which Diary is still preserved in the archives office at St. Augustine." A recent inquiry of the St. Augustine Historical Society shows that the original letters referred to in this communication are not now in its possession, and none now connected with the Society knows anything of their whereabouts. It was resolved, "That the corresponding secretary be directed to ascertain at what cost a verbatim copy of the original document in the Spanish language can be obtained; and that said secretary have full power to act in the matter." On November 28, 1843, Wm. B. Hodgson, Esq., a public spirited citizen of Savannah, and afterwards a great benefactor of the Society, addressed the following letter to Mr. I. K. Tefft, the corresponding secretary: "It affords me pleasure to record my acknowledgments to the Rev. Dr. Hawkes, lately of New York and now of Holly Springs, Mississippi, for the advantage of possessing this Spanish manuscript. During the learned Doctor's visit to St. Augustine he obtained a copy of these official letters from the public archives of East Florida. The truth and correctness of the copy is attested by Don Antonio Alvarez, keeper of those archives. The copy, which I send you, is made from that of Dr. Hawkes, and whenever the wish of the Society may be expressed, I should have a sincere pleasure in furnishing a translation of these Spanish documents." GHS got Major Willcox to translate the package For some reason Mr. Hodgson never furnished the promised translation, and not until the year 1908 were steps taken to have these letters translated. The Society was fortunate in securing for this purpose the services of Major C. DeWitt Willcox, a native Georgian, now of the U. S. Army, whose scholarly attainments and military training fitted him specially for this work, and to him the thanks of the Society are due for this important contribution to the history of our state. A few maps and illustrations were added to this collection as visual aids It has been thought best to include in this volume several maps and illustrations which will throw much light up the operations against St. Augustine by Oglethorpe. The plan of the old fort of San Marco is a photographic reproduction of a tracing made by the United States government in Spain in 1884, the tracing being kindly furnished by Capt. George R. Spalding, in charge of the United States Engineer's Office in Jacksonville, Fla. The other maps are copied from originals in possession of Mr. W. J. DeRenne, of Wormsloe. The thanks of the Society are specially due to this public-spirited gentleman for his generous aid in placing at its disposal the facilities of his rare and excellent collection of Georgia history. Some map dates are inferred Most of these maps are self-explanatory, but the dates of some of them are inferred from a close examination of the originals. • "The Plan of the Harbour of St. Augustine in the Province of Georgia, Composed and Published from Surveys Deposited in the Office of the Right Honourable the Lords of Trade, by J. F. W. Des Barres, Esqr.," was probably made about 1777. • The map, showing "South Carolina, Florida and The Western or Atlantick Ocean," bears upon the original the following legend: "The Original of this Map was drawn by Col. Barncvelt, who Commanded several Expeditions against the Indians in the Time of the Indian War, as also served under Col. Moore in all his Expeditions in the said War. It is highly approved of by Lieutenant Governour Bull, who is allowed to be the best Judge of Carolina and the Indian Countrys round it of any Person now in the Province." The date of this map is not given, but from data given by the map itself it could not have been made before 1719. Further Reading The future historian of this period will find in addition to the accounts in the well-known histories of Georgia the following references suggestive and helpful. All of these books are in the library of Mr. W. J. DeRenne at Wormsloe, and some of them cannot be found elsewhere. • "The Report of the Committee of Both Houses of Assembly of the Province of South Carolina, Appointed to Enquire into the Causes of the Disappointment of Success, in the late Expedition against St. Augustine, Under the Command of General Oglethorpe." 1743. • "A History of the American People," by Woodrow Wilson, Vol. 2, Page 69. • "Life and Character of Oglethorpe," an address delivered before the Literary Societies of the University of Georgia, August 2, 1860, by Rev. C. W. Howard. • "The Making of Georgia," two addresses by Hon. Walter G. Charlton, of Savannah. • "A Description of East Florida, with a Journal kept by John Bartram, of Philadelphia, Botanist to His Majesty for the Floridas," MDCCLXIX [1769]. • "An Account of the- First Discovery, and Natural History of Florida," by William Roberts, London, MDCCLXIII [1763]. • "The Spanish Hireling Detected: Being a Refutation of the Several Calumnies and Falsehoods in the late Pamphlet, Entitled, "An Impartial Account of the Late Expedition Against St. Augustine under General Oglethorpe,' by George Cadogan, Lieutenant in General Oglethorpe's Regiment." London, MDCCXLIII [1743]. • "An Impartial Account of the late Expedition against St. Augustine under General Oglethorpe, occasioned by the Suppression of the Report, made by a Committee of the General Assembly in South Carolina, transmitted, under the Great Seal of that Province, to their Agent in England, in order to be printed." 1742. • "Newest and Most Correct Report of the Scenery of Georgia in English America." 1746. (In German.) The Georgia Historical Society presents herewith to the students of Georgia and American history the translation of these interesting letters with the hope that a clearer light may be thrown upon this heroic period of our state's history. OTIS ASHMORE, GEORGE J. BALDWIN, U. H. McLAWS, Committee on Printing and Publishing. [Letters of Montiano]

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. PART I: LETTERS OF MONTIANO: SIEGE OF ST. AUGUSTINE Published by Georgia Historical Society, Savannah, Ga. Savannah Morning News, 1909. Note by the Translator Antonio Alvarez collected and copied these “Letters of Montiano” in 1844 The letters, whose translation follows, are contained in a folio volume, being copies made in St. Augustine in 1844 by Antonio Alvarez, Keeper of the Public Archives, from the originals under his care. These originals must themselves have been retained copies. As the last letter is numbered 248, and there are but 36 in this collection, it is clear that either a selection has been made, or else that the other letters bore upon subjects not sufficiently important or interesting to merit copying. From internal evidence, however, furnished in one or two instances, it appears that one or two despatches have been overlooked, supposing always that the originals were still in existence. Letter No. 198, is not in Alvarez's handwriting, and seems to have been inserted or copied after all the others, as though by a person who objected to its omission. It is not certified to be a true copy, as are all the others; but a note sets forth that it was copied from the original MS. The insertion of this particular letter, coupled with the internal evidence mentioned, would seem to indicate that the collection might have been enlarged with profit. Montiano’s and Alvarez’s elaborate closings were dropped after a couple of letters Each letter, with the exception noted, is accompanied by Alvarez's elaborate certificate in English (see first and second letters) and stamped with his seal as keeper of the Public Archives. It has not been thought worthwhile to reproduce this certificate with each letter in this translation. And similarly of the elaborate and formal close of each letter, in which the author begs his correspondent to accept "his assurances of faithful and affectionate obedience with prayer that our Lord may keep his Excellency many years, and kisses his hand" inserted once or twice, the more frequent repetition of these formulas would prove tiresome, and so they are omitted. Montiano’s spelling of names and places are retained Spanish and English (Georgia and Carolina) Colonial place-names in general, are left as Don Manuel wrote them, and so of personal names. All these letters are addressed to Don Juan Francisco de Guemes y Horcasitas, Governor General of Cuba. When the word "place" occurs in the following pages, it must be understood as representing the Spanish plaza, that is, a fortified position with its own and dependencies. C. De W. W. Washingon, July 29, 1908.

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. Illustrations of Spanish Guns. PEDRERO. 40 cm. Cal., 21 cm. long. 1709 A.D. 6031 Artillery Museum, Madrid. CANNON 310 cm. long, 15.2 cm. Calibre. 18th Century 5477 Artillery Museum, Madrid. BOMBARD—mounted and assembled. Length: Cana 255 cm- 255 cm Recamara 81" Made 1518 A.D. No. 3301 in Artillery Museum, Madrid. This piece has 2 recamaras—used alternately. PEDRERO. 3356 Museum of Artillery, Madrid. 144 cm. long, 16.5 cm. Calibre. Made 1679 MORTAR 5489. Museum of Artillery, Madrid. 1773 A. D. BOMBARD Complete 6587 Artillery Museum 240 cm. long 15th Century. Madrid. FALCONET XV Century. 3570 Artillery Museum 105 cm. long, 6.7 cm. Calibre. 15th Century. Madrid.

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. 1738-3* GUEMES ORDERS FOR THE CONDUCT OF THE TROOPS IN THE EXPEDITION TO BE UNDERTAKEN AGAINST THE ENGLISH. *AN464 Orders to be observed by the officers of the troops destined for the expedition to be undertaken for the expulsion of the foreigners that have intruded upon the territories of His Majesty in the provinces of Saint Augustine in Florida, under command of Colonel Don Juan Bautista de Echevarria, appointed as commanding general [not Montiano?] for its duration, in respect not only of regular operations, but also of the orderly conduct of the march. 1. They will obey with the greatest punctuality and accuracy all and any orders whether written or oral, all applying the most particular attention to discipline, and to the good condition of the unit committed to their care. Whenever the case calls for it, they will display the constancy and fortitude, corresponding to their obligations and to the honor and glory of the arms of the King. 2. All the small vessels told off to the expedition which is to pass through the channels, will proceed with the troops and officers assigned to each under the orders of the commanding general [Montiano or Echevarria?]; the total number will be divided into four parts or squadrons each with its designated chief. 3. Whenever the commanding general [Montiano or Echevarria?] shall hoist a signal, the chiefs of squadrons will at once hoist the same by way of answer; as soon as the signal is hauled down, the others will follow suit successively, to show that the signal has been understood. 4. When the formation is single line abreast, the post of each chief of squadron will be in front of his squadron; in forming four lines in four ranks, on the right; in column of four or more abreast, at the head, and on the right, of the first file of his squadron; in forming single line abreast with the four squadrons, he will occupy the proper post by the side of the last vessel of the squadron he is following, keeping the remainder of his vessels on his left flank, all of which will proceed to their proper places in succession on the flank of their commander, and preserving in all movements their place and distance, whether under way, at anchor, or moored. 5. Every commanding officer of a vessel must observe with care all the signals whether day or night, made by his immediate chief, and included in the list which each for better understanding will have with him: he will without delay execute the import of said signals. 6. Each commanding officer of a vessel will divide his crew into two watches, which will be on both by day and by night; the watch will be relieved every four hours; dog watches will be stood between 4 and 8 of the evening, in order to share fatigue and rest. Two sentries will be left' continuously posted, one in the bow, the other in the stern, with orders to keep a sharp lookout in all directions, for people ashore, signal fires or boats; they shall carefully observe the signals made by their immediate commander, and communicate them at once to the sergeant or corporal of the guard, and the latter to his officer, for suitable action. 7. Each commanding officer of a vessel will give severe orders to maintain the deepest silence by night and by day, and that no one discharge a fire arm without orders; in no case will anyone be allowed to smoke* by night. *chupar tabaeo, a quaint expression, literally to "suck tobacco." 8. Each time that a signal is made to go ashore to cook, the master of the vessel will take off only the number absolutely necessary for the purpose, that is, will detail a number sufficient to act as guard. No one else will be allowed ashore. As soon as the food is cooked, he will order it carried on board, in order that all may eat. He will do the same in respect of going ashore for water; and see to it that his people do not mingle with those of other boats, and that the business in hand shall be carried on as near his boat as possible, in order that his people may promptly go on board, should necessity require it. 9. The armed party that goes ashore to act as guard, will post itself as strongly as possible covering the watering or cooking party, in such a way as to command the approaches and so prevent any sudden attack. 10. Whenever the flagship signals to head inshore and disembark for any purpose, each commander of a vessel will so order the landing that as it progresses, his men shall, if the nature of the ground permit, form four in front and three deep; and if it should not permit, eight or more in front, according to circumstances, marching at the same time on one line to occupy sufficient ground for the formation of the entire body under his orders. This movement concluded, he will halt and await orders. 11. Each commanding officer of a vessel will at dawn cause his sails to be furled and remain under bare poles; he will send a man aloft to look around for signs or people ashore, signal fires or boats; and will communicate his discoveries by proper signal. 12. Only the commanding general [Montiano or Echevarria?] will fly by day a blue pennant, which he will cause to be lowered whenever he wishes to make a signal. 13. Whenever the commanding general [Montiano or Echevarria?] shall set a signal he will keep it flying until he is satisfied that the squadron commanders understand it. This will be signified to him by their using the same signal in answer; when the commanding general [Montiano or Echevarria?] hauls down his signal, the squadron commanders will do the same, it being understood that no one shall fly a flag, unless ordered, or necessary for signaling as prearranged. 14. Whenever the commanding general [Montiano or Echevarria?] shall make the signal for general disembarkation, each commanding officer of a vessel shall at once obey it, leaving on board only two soldiers as a guard, and the sailors, ordering them under no circumstances to leave the position in which ordered to remain. 15. Each commander of a vessel on discovering any people ashore, boats, or fires will at once inform his squadron commander by suitable signal, and keep his signal up until said commander answers by the same: in all cases this procedure will indicate that signals have been understood. 16. Each squadron commander, on receiving a signal from any vessel of his squadron, will determine its meaning, and then answering with the same, will keep it flying until the commanding general [Montiano or Echevarria?] shall have made suitable acknowledgement. 17. The commanding general [Montiano or Echevarria?] on receiving a signal from a squadron commander will acknowledge with the same, after he has made out the cause, and will give such orders as he deems proper. 18. The commanding general [Montiano or Echevarria?] will, whenever the nature of the channels to be navigated permit it, adopt the formation in column four abreast, or anchor in this order, as best lending itself with least confusion to all other maneuvers demanded by circumstances. He will order the galliots to precede the entire fleet, the other boats to follow in order, so as to be on hand for such action as offers. 19. Each commanding officer of a vessel, besides observing orders given, shall constantly maintain himself near the flagship, so as to hear promptly whenever hailed by it either by voice or speaking trumpet to draw near in order to receive orders. These will be at once executed. To this end, each commanding officer will take turn on guard; so that if nothing material comes up, the captain of the guardboat will at 11 of the morning, the hour at which the orders must be given, go on board the flagship to receive the countersign and parole, and will then proceed to communicate it to all the squadron commanders and captains, so that if at night some vessel not of the convoy, or some hostile vessel should be met, that fact may be recognized by its failure to give the countersign and parole when challenged. Should this happen and be verified, suitable action will be taken. If the guard boat should, when needed, be on duty elsewhere, the next boat on the roster will come up when hailed by the flagship, so that the commanding general [Montiano or Echevarria?] may always have someone to distribute any orders he may wish to give. Juan Francisco de Guemes y Horcasitas

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. ADDRESS OF HON. WALTER G. CHARLTON. A portion of the troops sailed on May 7, 1738, and the remainder, with Oglethorpe as general, arrived off Jekyl bar on Sept. 18, 1738.

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. 1739-7-18 Affidavit of Juan Castelnau Asked on what date he set forth from those Colonies to go to Virginia, when the Commander Don Diego Obletor arrived, and what troops he brought with him, he answered, that he himself set out on Nov. 4, 1738, of the past year, and that the Commander Don Diego Obletor arrived in the preceding September of the same year with five transports and one vessel mounting more than twenty-two guns, and said to be a warship called the Blandfort, and that in the said transports he had brought over about five hundred men and more according to appearances, said to be regular troops; that in the month of July of said year, Lieutenant Colonel Cocran [Cochran] had arrived from Gibraltar with three hundred men drawn from its garrison, that after the arrival of the Commander Obletor [Oglethorpe] there came an English packet boat loaded solely with artillery and implements of war; that the troops mentioned were distributed, six hundred men in the Isle of Saint Simon in Fort Frederica, and two hundred in Saint Andrew; and that at the same time when the five hundred came with the Commander Ogletor, came also two hundred women with them, the purpose being to compel the soldiers to marry them. Asked if after the arrival of all these people, and while he was still in those parts, he had seen or learned whether they were making new fortifications or occupying other posts or laying out new settlements, or whether he detected any especial design of the Commander Ogletor, he said that he saw them tracing out under the direction of a French engineer they had brought out, a castle in the fort at Frederica, and for this purpose had collected a supply of bricks and timber in the same Isle of Saint Simon between the town and the careening ground; that with the same engineer they were taking soundings on the bar and in the channel; that they were building two other small forts to command the land approaches from Florida to Georgia so as to guard against any surprise by Spanish Indians; that each one was occupied by a corporal and 20 settlers, that one of these [forts] was called Fort Augustus, but he had forgotten the name of the other; that they had not laid out any new settlements; that he had [not]* detected any especial design on the part of Commander Ogletor, but that he had heard the officers say that the design in view was to take possession of Saint Augustine in Florida, and had remarked that in case the outbreak of war was doubtful they had made certain arrangements looking to this end. [*The context shows that the negative particle has been through error omitted.]

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. ADDRESS OF HON. WALTER G. CHARLTON. A portion of the troops sailed on May 7, 1738, and the remainder, with Oglethorpe as general, arrived off Jekyl bar on Sept. 18, 1738.

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. 1739-7-18 Affidavit of Juan Castelnau ...Asked on what date he set forth from those Colonies to go to Virginia... he answered, that he himself set out on Nov. 4, 1738, of the past year,

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. PART III: THE SPANISH OFFICIAL ACCOUNT OF THE ATTACK ON THE COLONY OF GEORGIA IN AMERICA, AND OF ITS DEFEAT ON ST. SIMONS ISLAND BY GENERAL JAMES OGLETHORPE Published by The Georgia Historical Society Savannah Morning News 1913 Table of Contents Preface 3 Affidavit of Juan Castelnau, a prisoner in Georgia 7 Letter of Montiano to the King 16 The King orders the dispatch of an expedition against Georgia 20 Montiano acknowledges the receipt of orders for the expedition 25 The Governor General of Cuba gives the Governor of Florida information with respect to the expedition 27 The Governor General of Cuba appoints Montiano to the command of the expedition and gives orders 32 Orders to the Commanding Officer of the Fleet 39 The Governor General of Cuba reports the failure of the expedition and sends journals of events 48 Arredondo's Journal 52 Casinas's Journal 65 Montiano's own report 88 Orders for an expedition against the English 97 List of signals, etc., for the expedition against Georgia 101 Return of the troops, crews and stores, ship by ship, facing 108 Note on the Battle Ground of Bloody Marsh 110 Return of ships, troops and stores of the expedition facing 112 LIST OF MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS Portrait of Oglethorpe Frontispiece Map of the Atlantic Coast from St. Augustine to Charleston 7 De Brahm's Plans, Sections and Elevations of Works projected for the Colony of Georgia 11 Illustrations of Spanish Guns 36-38 Map of Jekyll Sound 66 Arredondo's Map of the Entrance to Gualquini 71 Plan of Fort Saint Andrew 94 Map of St Simon and Frederica 110 1912-10-19 PREFACE The translation that follows was made from manuscripts in the library of Mr. W. J. DeRenne, copied from the original documents preserved in the Archives of the Indies at Seville. Each of these manuscripts bears a heading giving the provenance of its original, and each is further certified as being a true copy. Heading and certificate are reproduced with the first document of the translation, but it has not been thought worthwhile to repeat them with the remainder. The papers of this collection fall more or less naturally into groups: Letters and orders, diaries, reports and returns. The list of sea- and shore-signals, and one set of naval instructions, have with the returns been placed last as being somewhat detached, logically, from the substance of the other papers. They have their significance and interest, however, in that they reveal the extreme care bestowed on the expedition. It will be noticed that the list of signals and the set of naval instructions relate to an earlier expedition, planned but not carried out. The sketches of guns and mortars are due to Lieutenant J. W. Lang, 9th Regiment of Infantry, United States Army. They are reproduced from illustrations in the catalogue of the Artillery Museum at Madrid. The Treaty of Vienna, November 18, 1738, gave Spain but a short respite from war. Claims and counterclaims arising chiefly out of colonial questions, led to much diplomatic parleying with England, and in January, 1739, she saw herself obliged to pay that country an indemnity of £95,000. On the presentation of a demand for a counterindemnity, England threatened war; on August 20th authorized reprisals, and finally on October 30, 1739, declared war. It is of this war, terminated by the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, October 18, 1748, that the events of the following pages form a part. War or no war, the Spanish had long been contemplating an expedition against the English Colony of Georgia. They kept such an expedition on the stocks, as it were, to be launched when opportune; and finally did launch it in June of 1742 to overwhelm the English King's new Colony "in the place called Georgia." To the King of Spain, and to his subjects in Cuba and Florida, the chief object was punitive: the insolent and perfidious English were to be chastised and the chastisement was to be extermination. There was no notion of conquest; once the object attained and the English swept off the face of the earth, troops and ships were to return to their respective garrisons in St. Augustine and Havana. So much stress, indeed, was laid on this withdrawal as to justify the belief that its accomplishment was almost as much a matter of concern as the advance itself. This concern undeniably affected the morale of the commanding general, if not of the entire expedition. In forming an estimate of the events dealt with in the following pages, it is needful to place one's self in a proper point of view. If we place ourselves abroad, the events are inconspicuous; if we recross the Atlantic, they loom large. In reality, we must not regard the attempt of Spain on New Georgia as an affair between small numbers in a distant and unimportant land; it was Spain and England striving for mastery in a vast continent, and although Spain, as already said, had no notion of conquest, to England, that is to Oglethorpe, the notion of permanency was ever present and fundamentally real. To him the question was whether his beloved Georgia should be a Spanish waste, or a living, free, English colony, a potential State. How he answered this question we all know: he brought to naught as grave a danger as ever threatened the Colonies, and he did it alone. The point of view must needs then be local, but with a national outlook; it follows that the papers in this collection acquire a double interest. And this interest grows with the conviction, begot of an examination of the records, that Oglethorpe- by all the rules of the game, should have been beaten. He was out-manned, out-shipped, and out-gunned. But he was a soldier, and knew his business; although men, and ships, and guns are necessary, alone they are not sufficient. They must first be welded into a homogeneous instrument and then intelligently used, before positive results can be expected. This homogeneity was lacking to his adversaries, a fact that he must have been acquainted with; moreover, they had not had time to know their commander, Montiano, nor he his troops. And lastly, it is in the highest degree probable that Oglethorpe had measured his antagonist. That Montiano had failed to take his own measure, is proved by his pitiable report to his King. Without in the least intending it, in complete unconsciousness, he strips his own inefficiency bare for our inspection and examination. Psychologically, conditions were against the Spaniards from the outset, but this must not in the least be taken to detract from Oglethorpe: he had to reckon on the one hand with a force much greater than any he could muster, and on the other hand, with certain possibilities in his favor; but in respect of these he might very easily have been in error. The Spaniards sailed into St. Simons gallantly enough, and landed their men between the forts and the town of Frederica. No resistance was offered. Bearing in mind that a landing under fire is, for the landing party, a delicate operation, we may well ask why Oglethorpe should have neglected this opportunity to do his adversary a serious harm. But a little reflection will show that this case really offered no opportunity. As soon as it became evident that the run-past of the ships was, or would be, successful, the evacuation of the forts was imposed. To leave troops in the forts, even if they could have held out, was folly so clear that we need waste no time over the matter. But once withdrawn, where should they go? Should they proceed to resist this disembarkation, either alone, or in junction with other forces brought down for the purpose? But Oglethorpe could not tell where the Spaniards would land: it was not inconceivable that they would deliver their first attack on the town itself. If, however, they should choose to land between the town and the forts, then it was the part of wisdom to leave them to follow this course; for once ashore, they would have miles of swamp to cross before reaching him, and his inferiority in numbers would be more than compensated by the advantage of positions selected in advance. If he had attempted to oppose this landing, he would have had the morasses at his back, and so in case of check, have converted an admirable natural defense into a most serious obstacle to successful withdrawal. Moreover, so few were his men that he could not afford to divide them; and lastly, and quite apart from any other consideration, he had no guns to oppose to the Spanish naval artillery, against which any musketry fire that he could bring to bear, ineffective in those days beyond two hundred yards, would have been powerless. The issue proved the wisdom of his dispositions. The first attempt of the Spaniards to push their way through the morasses was also their last, nor did they later make any effort of any other sort. This failure to undertake anything more must be regarded as discreditable to the "glory and reputation of the arms of the King," particularly if the Spanish account of losses be correct. That it is not, we know from other sources. Indeed, so great were Montiano's losses, and among his best troops, so sudden and unexpected his check, so uncompromising his defeat, that the matter was really then and there settled. In plain English, he had no stomach for further business. After that disastrous beating when his grenadiers fell only to incarnadine the waters of the swamp in which they were entrapped, he sent out only Indians to see "if they could find some other road to Frederica". Meanwhile his rations were being reduced, he had not got his guns ashore, and rumors unnerved him. In these straits he fell to calling councils of war and so was lost. That he had made only one genuine effort to reach his objective, that in spite of the failure of this effort, he still outnumbered Oglethorpe, that in any case his fleet was substantially intact, these things made no impression on him. His one concern was to withdraw. And yet so blind was he to his own shortcomings that he attributes his failure to the Almighty and actually asks his King to approve his conduct of affairs and to bestow honors upon him. To be sure, he had razed a few earthworks evacuated by their garrisons, carried off a few guns spiked by the enemy, burned a few houses abandoned by the inhabitants. And here we may now well leave him, recounting his victories over inanimate things, and glossing his failure, for this failure made the State of Georgia possible. C. DeW. W. West Point, New York, October 19, 1912.

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. 1739-7-18 Affidavit of Juan Castelnau, a Prisoner in Georgia. Transmitted from Havana, July 24, 1739.* *It should be recollected that these dates are Gregorian; those of the contemporaneous English accounts are Julian. The difference, as is well known, was at this epoch, eleven days. Don Juan Francisco de Guemes y Horcasitas transmits the depositions made by Juan Castelnau, a native of Los Pasages in Guiptizcoa, on the present state of the Settlements of New Georgia, where he was held a prisoner for 18 months, and of its fortifications, forces and establishments. Sir: Juan Castelnau, who says he is a native of Los Pasages in Guipuzcoa, having come from Cartagena in this dispatch boat now on her way to those kingdoms [i.e. Castile and Leon, or Spain] with the order and permission consisting in a decree petitioned for by him of Lieutenant General Don Blas de Lesso, I have taken the declarations that follow to substantiate the reasons he gave to obtain the said permission. As I find from them that he has told the truth, and given an exact account and trustworthy news of the state of the towns of New Georgia, its fortifications, forces and establishments, both as these were at the time of the expedition intended and planned for the past year of 1738, and as they were after the arrival of the Commanding General Don Diego Ogletop,** I have thought it proper to send your Lordship the testimony of his declarations, to the end that His Majesty may be thoroughly informed of past and present conditions, because it agrees with all the inquiries and news which I had made and acquired for the expedition, and with those of the Governor of Saint Augustine in Florida, made after the return of Don Diego Ogletorp to those Colonies. ** Oglethorpe's name has In all cases, been left exactly as the Spaniards wrote it. God keep your Lordship many years. Havana, July 24, 1739. Your most obedient servant kisses your hand. Don Juan Francisco de Guemes y Horcasitas. To Senor Don Joseph de la Quintana. DECLARATION. In the city of Havana, on the 18th day of July, 1739, Don Juan Francisco de Guemes y Horcasitas, Field Marshal of the Armies of His Majesty, his Governor and Captain General over the said city and of the Island of Cuba, said: That the day before yesterday, the 16th of the current month, there came into this port [Havana] from that of Cartagena of the Indies, the dispatch frigate on her way to the kingdom of Castile and aboard of her, Juan Castelnau, a native of Los Pasages in the Province of Guiptizcoa, who was for 18 months a prisoner in New Georgia and other settlements, which the English have occupied; and that upon his liberation, he succeeded in passing through Virginia and other parts to the city of Santo Domingo in the island of Hispaniola, and thence to Cartagena aforesaid. Here he presented himself to His Excellency Don Blas de Leso,* Lieutenant General of His Majesty's fleets, Commander of the Galleons there stationed, and of all the naval forces in America, who upon request ordered him to proceed here in the dispatch frigate. *Leso. or Lezo, is mentioned by Altamira (Historia de Espana, Vol. F7., p. 194) as one of the celebrated Spanish seamen of the time. In order now to possess ourselves of all that he has seen, surveyed, and understood, let him appear forthwith, and under oath, clearly and distinctly set forth the matter, according to the questions that may be made to him. And by these presents, I so provide, command and sign. Guemes. Before me, Miguel de Ayala, Chief Clerk, State and War. Declaration of Juan Castelnau. His Lordship, the Governor and Captain General immediately caused Juan Castelnau, a native of Los Pasages, to appear before him, who being sworn before God and on the Cross according to law, promised in consequence to tell the truth, whereupon the following questions were put to him: Asked why he had come to this place in the dispatch boat that had anchored in its port, the 16th instant, on its way from Cartagena to Spain, he said, that finding himself in Cartegena, he had asked permission of His Excellency Don Blas de Leso, Lieutenant General of the Fleets of His Majesty, Commander of the Galleons in that port, and of all the naval forces in America, to go to Havana and make report to His Lordship of the state of the Colonies of New Georgia in which the English had kept him a prisoner for 18 months, as appears from the petition which he presented to the said Don Blas de Leso and from his decree in evidence. Asked why and when he had been apprehended by the English of the Colonies of New Georgia, where he declared he had been, he answered that it was because they took him for a spy of Spain, and that it was in the beginning of the year 1737 on passing from Florida to Carolina, when he was examined by two tribunals; that after two months of confinement on account of said suspicion, the tribunals finding him guiltless, had enlarged him. Asked how he had passed from Florida to Carolina, and for what reason he was in Florida, he said he had gone from Pensacola, where he had assisted the paymaster of that post, to Florida with the idea of crossing Carolina on his way to Europe in order to return to his own country, and that to that end he had received authority from the Governor of Saint Augustine in Florida, who was then Don Francisco del Moral Sanchez, to make a journey through Carolina. Asked where he had been after being set at liberty in Carolina, as declared by him, and for how long, he answered that returning to Florida for the purpose of seeing if he could not earn some money on account of having spent and consumed that which he had before while a prisoner in Carolina, he had embarked in a pirogue at Port Royal and arrived at Savannah, a town which they said was the capital of New Georgia, through fear of falling in with the English commanding officers of the other ports. He put to sea with the master of the said pirogue, and bad weather coming on, they were driven in and compelled to save their lives by going ashore on an island called Emilia, whence a guard of four Englishmen there stationed took him to Saint Simon's. Here had his residence a commanding officer called Captain Gasquin, who, after enquiring into the reasons which had brought him thither put him aboard the manual or coast guard vessel of the place, invariably forbidding him to communicate with whatever Spanish vessel might be in those waters, until the Commander Don Diego Obletor having arrived from London, he recovered his liberty. Asked in what manner he had proceeded from those parts to Cartagena, he said that Don Diego Obletor had assisted him to embark in a ship sailing to Virginia, whence he had gone by land to Mallorca.* [*Evidently New York; elsewhere In these papers we have Noyorca; the scribe could readily write Mallorca, with which name he was acquainted, for Ifoyorca, of which he had probably never heard before.] Here he embarked in a bilander bound for the French coast of San Domingo, and having arrived, he betook himself to the city, and made report to the President of all that had befallen him ; and the President after taking his declaration, had sent him on to Cartagena, to Don Blas de Leso. Asked if he had been able to learn anything of the posts occupied by the English in those parts, of what strength they were and how fortified before the coming out of the Commander Don Diego Obletor, he answered that he had, that the established posts were Savannah or New Georgia,** containing some 200 houses of wood, very far each from the other, for which reason they take up much room; the town situated on a bank of the river of the same name, on a bluff forty feet high with a battery of 10 pieces, about 8-pounders, without any garrison whatever, the service of the battery being undertaken by the citizens themselves; that only the area surrounding the battery is inclosed by a stockade of pine loss about 18 feet high and one foot thick, and that the rest of the settlement is open; that at the mouth of the river stood a tower of wood constructed both as a lookout [** It will be remarked that to the affiant, Savannah and New Georgia mean the same thing. Similarly, In the papers that follow, Florida is frequently used where we should write Saint Augustine. Sometimes the context enables us to distinguish between the chief town and the Colony, sometimes It does not. Thus, when Horcasitas tells Montiano "to raze and destroy Carolina and Its plantations," he may mean Charleston and surrounding plantations, or the Colony, though the former Is perhaps the more likely. Where no doubt can exist, the name of the town has been given In the translation. In other cases the MS. has been followed.] and as a beacon for that port, which the English call Tebi, and we Cruces. And farther to the south lies the Island of Saint Simon, before reaching which there is another fort facing the Island of Santa Cathalina [Catalina] which they call Darien, garrisoned by about thirty Scotchmen, and mounting six guns of the same calibre. That in the aforementioned is land [of Saint Simon] there is a town called Frederica situated on the bank of the river Saint Simon, and said to contain thirty or forty houses or huts of boards and palm leaves, with another battery also of ten guns of the said* [* i.e. said of the battery at Savannah.] caliber, without any troops for its service, the citizens acting as guard. South of this town, say a league and a half, is a careening ground with three or four houses of boards, and on the point on the south of the island they have constructed a battery of sixteen guns of the same calibre to sweep the entrance of the Harbor of Gualquini, which the English call Fort Frederica, beneath whose guns lay the manual [manuel] in which he was a prisoner. Continuing further south, on the Point of Bejecez, on the Isle of Whales stands a fort which they called Saint Andrew with sixteen or twenty men commanded by Captain Makay, mounting ten guns of the same calibre. Still farther south yet is the Island of Emilia which we Spaniards call San Pedro, where they keep four men as a lookout, and have one gun and a stone mortar. That these were at the time in question the settlements, fortifications and forces which they had. He was further of the opinion that all the settlers to be found might number three hundred men, all of whom were capable of bearing arms. Asked on what date he set forth from those Colonies to go to Virginia, when the Commander Don Diego Obletor arrived, and what troops he brought with him, he answered, that he himself set out on Nov. 4, 1738, of the past year, and that the Commander Don Diego Obletor arrived in the preceding September of the same year with five transports and one vessel mounting more than twenty-two guns, and said to be a warship called the Blandfort, and that in the said transports he had brought over about five hundred men and more according to appearances, said to be regular troops; that in the month of July of said year, Lieutenant Colonel Cocran [Cochran] had arrived from Gibraltar with three hundred men drawn from its garrison, that after the arrival of the Commander Obletor [Oglethorpe] there came an English packet boat loaded solely with artillery and implements of war; that the troops mentioned were distributed, six hundred men in the Isle of Saint Simon in Fort Frederica, and two hundred in Saint Andrew; and that at the same time when the five hundred came with the Commander Ogletor, came also two hundred women with them, the purpose being to compel the soldiers to marry them. Asked if after the arrival of all these people, and while he was still in those parts, he had seen or learned whether they were making new fortifications or occupying other posts or laying out new settlements, or whether he detected any especial design of the Commander Ogletor, he said that he saw them tracing out under the direction of a French engineer they had brought out, a castle in the fort at Frederica, and for this purpose had collected a supply of bricks and timber in the same Isle of Saint Simon between the town and the careening ground; that with the same engineer they were taking soundings on the bar and in the channel; that they were building two other small forts to command the land approaches from Florida to Georgia so as to guard against any surprise by Spanish Indians; that each one was occupied by a corporal and 20 settlers, that one of these [forts] was called Fort Augustus, but he had forgotten the name of the other; that they had not laid out any new settlements; that he had [not]*[*The context shows that the negative particle has been through error omitted.] detected any especial design on the part of Commander Ogletor, but that he had heard the officers say that the design in view was to take possession of Saint Augustine in Florida, and had remarked that in case the outbreak of war was doubtful they had made certain arrangements looking to this end. Asked what number of Indians they had under allegiance in those parts, where they were situated, and to what use they were put, he said it seemed to him there were about 200 kept in two towns, one immediately adjacent to New Georgia, in which they had set up a school for the children, and the other must be at Darien; that they were to be used to commit hostilities on the Spaniards and that he had strong proof of this; for while he, the declarant, was there, the Governor of Saint Augustine in Florida had the year before in 1738 written to Captain Gasquin for satisfaction by punishing some Indians guilty of homicide [Pujoy], and that he had seen the same Indians on their return from this affair regaled by him with aguardiente and other things, and told that whenever they brought in Spanish scalps they would be rewarded, and that he had this from a nephew of his. Asked if a town of Esquisaros which is called Surisbu,*[*Purysburg] on the bank of the Savannah, adjoining Port Royal due west, is well advanced, and populous, he said that this town is now abandoned and demolished, and that its inhabitants had gone, part to Port Royal, and others to New Georgia, and that only a few plantations had been left. Asked the population of Port Royal, what fortifications it had, if the anchoring ground is good, and whence come the ships that may anchor there, he said that Port Royal might contain 40 or 50 houses, but that the country is well filled with plantations as far as Saint George, worked by many negroes; that there is a fort called Vinfort at half a league from Port Royal to guard the entrance of the port, square of trace, with 4 curtains and bastions, made of timber, earth and oyster shell, and that he had heard they were adding some sort of outwork; that the anchoring ground of the Port is the best of the entire Province of Carolina, but that in the entrance there is not sufficient depth for vessels of greater burden than that corresponding to 24 or 30 guns at the most. Asked what harvests they had in New Georgia, and what products were most highly prized, he said that corn, rice, beans, squashes and other vegetables were planted; that the product most prized was silk, that consequently they had planted mulberry trees, and that they continually displayed more and more ardor in this matter. Asked what kind of boats they had and how many in those rivers, for communicating one port with another, he said that each port had a pirogue with a swivel-gun* in the bow; and that besides, they had two or three canoes, in which they carried supplies back and forth, but that 4 or 5 individuals had their own boats. [*Pedrero In MS.. This word means (a) swivel-gun; (b) small gun; (c) stone-mortar. Usually there is nothing in the texts that follow to indicate which is meant. The word is frequently used, and except that the meaning "swivel-gun" is probably correct aboard ship, ashore the context throws no light on the point.] Asked what was the purpose of the packet boat under the orders of Captain Gasquin, and what port it served with the greatest frequency, he said that while he was there, it set out thrice to cruise along the coasts of the jurisdiction, and that during the winter it lay in the port of Gualquini in the river of Saint Simon, and added that he had seen as many as twenty pounds of silk made there and of good quality. He affirms that his declaration made under oath is the truth; that he is forty years of age; and signed his declaration, to which His Lordship appended his flourish. Juan Castelnau. Before me, Miguel de Ayala, Chief Clerk, State and War. Petition of Juan Castelnau. Memorial. Most Excellent Sir: Juan Castelnau, a native of los Pasajes in the Province of Guipuzcoa, kneeling in full devotion at the feet of your Lordship, says that he was captured in New Georgia, where the English held him a prisoner for 18 months, and proceeded to the Island of San Domingo in an English sloop, in order to describe to His Majesty's representatives the state and conditions of the English in that Colony. After having made the proper declaration before the President of San Domingo, he was sent to this port [Cartagena] in a bilander chartered for the purpose by the said President, in order to inform your Lordship of all matters (as he has done). Desiring now to go on to Havana to inform his Lordship the Governor of that position, should it be necessary, of the state of the Colonies of New Georgia, and to repair his needs by the help of a few friends whom he has in that city, he humbly supplicates your Lord ship to grant him authority to take passage in this dispatch boat for the said city of Havana; and to order its Captain to transport him without any cost whatever, a favor he hopes to receive from the compassion of your Lordship. Cartagena, June 22, 1739. Juan Castelnau. Official Decree. Cartagena, June 23, 1739. Seeing that all the allegations of this person, as set forth in this petition, are true, he is granted permission to go in this dispatch boat to the port of Havana, in case it be important to advise the Governor of that position of all that this person has seen and declared. And the Captain of this dispatch boat will transport him without any cost to the said port of Havana. Leso. A true copy of the originals in my keeping, to which I refer. By oral order of the Governor and Captain General of this Fortress and Island, I give these presents for delivery to his Lordship, written on eight sheets with this one, at Havana, July 21, 1739. I affix my seal [there is a seal] in witness of the truth. Miguel de Ayala. We certify that Don Miguel de Ayala, by whom these affidavits are sealed and signed, is, by royal appointment, a Chief Clerk, State and War, in this city of Havana and Island of Cuba, is faithful, loyal and trustworthy, and as such practices his profession, and receives full faith and credit. Havana, July 21, 1739. Christoval Leal, Notary Public (his flourish).* Antonio Ponce de Leon, Royal Notary (his flourish). Tomas de Salas y Castro, Royal Notary (his flourish). [* The rubrica, or flourish Is what gives validity to a Spanish signature. In some cases, the rubrica is used alone, without the name of its maker.] True copy of the original preserved in these General Archives of the Indies, Case 87, Drawer 1, File 3. Seville, July 6, 1906. (Signed) Pedro Torres Lanzas, Head Keeper of Archives.

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. LETTER OF MONTIANO TO THE KING ENCLOSING A MAP AND GIVING INFORMATION IN RESPECT OF FLORIDA AND ADJACENT COUNTRIES. 1739-8-20 Montiano to the king [Brief] St. Augustine, August 20, 1739. The Governor, Don Manuel de Montiano, says: That in order more clearly to justify the right of Your Majesty to the colonies occupied by the English, it has seemed proper to him to enclose a map of these colonies, based on the information received from different persons well acquainted with the country and who have a thorough knowledge of the bars, ports, rivers and roads therein, having trafficked over them, so that having a better knowledge of these territories and of their situation, the proper measures may be taken. He says further that as appears from these maps, the English have occupied the best bars and the deepest ports capable of sheltering sea-going ships of large size; such as the bar of St. Helens; that of Santa Cruz; that of St. Simon; that of Gualquini; that of the [Bay of] Whales and others of less depth, a thing which Your Majesty does not possess on this entire coast running north and south because the bar of St. Augustine has a depth of only seventeen palms. He also declares that the River St. Isabel is navigable to within two days' journey of the towns of the Uchee Indians in the provinces of Apalache and that the English having craftily occupied them, may now come down as far as the coasts of the Gulf of Mexico and occupy on it some port, such as that of St. Joseph, Pensacola or others. The consequences of this action would be most fatal to the commerce of our galleons and fleets; and he proposes, in order to prevent this, the occupation of the said Bay of St. Joseph, and that a strenuous effort be made to bring about the evacuation by the English of all the territory from New Georgia toward the south with the Bar of St. Helens; and that whatever territories be left them, limits should be marked out on a line running southeast and northwest, taking from them as many as possible of the towns of the Uchee Indians and as much as possible of the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. This done, we should succeed in depriving them of all hope for their projects and in holding ourselves ports on that coast, in which our ships and fleets could shelter themselves whenever accident or misfortune should overtake them. [The Letter] Sir: As a result of the remission to Your Majesty of the documents which I have been able to find in the archives of this place [St. Augustine], justifying the right and title of Your Majesty to the colonies illegally occupied by the English, it has appeared to me proper to add a map of these Colonies, based on the information brought in by different people well acquainted with the country and thoroughly informed in respect of the bars, harbors, rivers and roads by reason of having trafficked over them, so that having a full knowledge of those territories and their situation, Your Majesty may take such measures as may seem suitable. And as I conceive it to be a part of my duty to present to Your Majesty whatever I take to be beneficial to the royal service and to the protection of the royal dominions, I beg leave to set forth to Your Majesty that according to the map, the English have occupied the best harbors and the deepest ports, able to shelter vessels of deep draft, such as the Bar of St. Helens, that of Santa Cruz, that of St. Simon, that of Gualquini, that of the Bay of Whales, and others of less depth; and that Your Majesty, in all the royal possessions of this coast from north to south, owns nothing like these, because this port of St. Augustine has a depth of only seventeen palms. At the same time, I must inform Your Majesty that the River St. Isabel is a navigable one to within two days' journey of the Uchee Indians in the province of Apalache; and that the English have occupied them by craft and cunning, so that they can descend to the coasts of the Gulf of Mexico and occupy on them some port like that of St. Joseph, Pensacola, or others, the consequences of which would be most serious for the commerce of the galleons and the fleets of Your Majesty. In order that this may not happen, I make bold to propose to Your Majesty the propriety of occupying the said Bay of St. Joseph and that the whole effort of Your Majesty should be bent on dislodging the English from New Georgia toward the south, including the Bar of St. Helens and that whatever territories be left to them, their limits should be marked out along a line southeast northwest, taking from them as many as possible of the Uchee towns and those of the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. This would result in depriving them of all hope of carrying out their projects on the Gulf of Mexico and in furnishing Your Majesty harbors on the said coast in which ships, in case of misfortune, may take shelter. God keep the Catholic Royal Person of Your Majesty, many happy years, as demanded by Christendom. St. Augustine in Florida, Aug. 20, 1739. (Sgd) Don Manuel de Montiano. (A Flourish)

ADDRESS OF HON. WALTER G. CHARLTON. "During the intervals, Oglethorpe, with the assistance of Tomochichi, made frequent demonstrations along the Spanish frontier. Hostilities began on November 15, 1739, with the slaying of two Highlanders by the Spaniards, on Amelia Island.

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. In 1740 he made a bold attack upon the Spaniards at St. Augustine, but owing to the strength of the fort and to sickness in his army he abandoned the siege.

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. ADDRESS OF HON. WALTER G. CHARLTON. Of these obscure heroes, philosophers and martyrs, the greater part will never be known till that hour when many that are great shall be small and the small great; but of others the world's knowledge may be said to sleep; their lives and characters lie hidden from nations in the annals that record them.' "Of these last was Tomochichi, who, when upward of ninety years of age, was fighting the enemies of Georgia. In a neighboring square, a few hundred feet from this spot, where he was laid to rest by the people of Georgia, a noble band of Georgia women, carrying out the forgotten behest of Oglethorpe made in the long ago, have placed as a memorial where he was buried a boulder of Georgia granite. On it is inscribed that he was the Mico of the Yamacraws; the companion of Oglethorpe, and the friend and ally of the colony of Georgia. As they were associated in life, so let them live together in our grateful memories, and let this spot on which stands the monument to the one discard a designation which is meaningless and take on the name of the old warrior whose friendship made possible the peaceful settlement of the colony of Georgia.

1783-5-12 Plano del Castillo de Sn Marcos by Des Barres Title Plano del Castillo de S.n Marcos cituado a 29 Gxa. y 10 minutos de Lat.t en la Florida Explicacion A,B,C,D Los quatro frentes E,F,G,H Los Baluartes 1,2,3,4 Los Angulos de la figura I/Y Bovedas J/L/h Luoar vonde estavan los Palos p.a subirla K Artique llegan lita M Rampa que eviste N Linea exterior de la y se proyecta O Revellin sin parapet q dere hacerce cino va demoshado 5,6 Parepeto del camino cubierto ge deve-cencluirse 7,8 S.c. Angustura del camino Cubierlo P Disposicion en qe se piensa poner la mu-ralla del camino cubierto pr esa parle con su Embrasura Q Projecto de la Plaza de Armas del Frente qu mira al Mar. R Otro yd.m en la Plaza de Arinas del frente qu mira a la Ciudad. S Y.m el de las Escaleras T Muro para contener las Tieras del Glacis U Obras provicionales que tenian los Ynoleses y estan su Mayor parte arruinadas. X Luoar Comun Z Caneria para su desaque Signature San Agustin de Florida 12 de Maio de 1783 Mariano de la Rocque (flourish)

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. ADDRESS OF HON. WALTER G. CHARLTON. "In May, 1740, with an army two thousand strong, consisting of regulars, militia and Indians, with co-operative fleet under Admiral Vernon, he moved on to St. Augustine; captured Fort Moosa [Mose], and signaling the fleet to action, prepared to deliver the assault on the fortifications of the Florida stronghold. The fleet failed to respond and departed, and the unsupported attack from the land becoming thus impracticable, a siege of three weeks followed, which Oglethorpe was finally compelled to abandon.

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. [Answer] 1740-5-24 King to Montiano In a letter of the 20th of August, Your Lordship has enclosed in greater justification of the right of His Majesty to the Colonies occupied by the English in those provinces, a map of these Colonies, based on the information given to Your Lordship by different persons well acquainted with the country and having full knowledge of the bars, ports, rivers and roads, by reason of having trafficked over them to the end that having a full knowledge of circumstances, suitable measures might be taken. These matters, having been laid before His Majesty, he is informed of the subject and of the especial exposition which Your Lordship makes at the same time, to the effect that it would be proper to occupy the Bay of St. Joseph and apply all our energies to dislodge the English from New Georgia toward the south, including the Bar of St Helens and that whatever territories be left to them, the limits should be a line running southeast and northwest taking from them as many of the towns of the Uchee Indians and as much of the coast of the Gulf of Mexico as is possible, which would result in robbing them of all hope of success for their projects and in giving us ports on that coast in which, in case of accident or misfortune, our war ships might take shelter. His Majesty therefore directs me to say to you that he will keep in mind all the facts presented for the betterment of the royal service, and that he is much pleased with the zeal with which you have acquired these facts and communicated them. May God keep Your Lordship many years. Madrid, May 24, 1740. To Don Manuel de Montiano. Endorsement. To Don Manuel De Montiano. Issued in duplicate and triplicate, advising him of the receipt of his report conveying information relating to the English colonies and the districts which the English of Georgia should evacuate.

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. "The Plan of the Harbour of St. Augustine in the Province of Georgia, Composed and Published from Surveys Deposited in the Office of the Right Honourable the Lords of Trade, by J. F. W. Des Barres, Esqr.," was probably made about 1777. Shows: Matanza River St. Sebastian's Creek St. Augustin Barrier Fort St. Mark Fort Maze [Mose] North River Oglethorp Battery [from 1740] Light House St. Anastasia Island Stone Quarries North Barr South Barr

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. [1741 A View of the Town of Savannah] References on map: A. Part of an island called Hutchinson’s Island. B. The Stairs & Landing Place from the River to the Town. C. Crane(?) & Bell to draw up any Goods from Boats & to land them. D. A Tent pitched near the Landing for Genl. Oglethorpe. E. A Guard House with a Battery of Cannon lying before it. F. The Parsonage House G. A Plott of Ground to build a Church on. H. A Fort, or Look out to the Woodside. I. The House for all Stores. J. (skipped?) K. The Court House & Chappel. L. The Mill House for the Publick. M. A House for all Loungers(?) to reside in. N. The Common Bake-House O. A Draw-Well for Water P. The Wood Covering the Back and Sides of the Town with Several Vistas cut into it.

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. ADDRESS OF HON. A. MITCHELL INNES. "Nine years later, indeed, the opposition to the paternal government of Oglethorpe saw nothing better than a scene of desolation, and his opponents complained that he would allow them neither riches, nor property, nor rum to gladden their hearts. They were no better than slaves themselves, according to their own account.

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. ADDRESS OF HON. WALTER G. CHARLTON. To his repeated and urgent requests for reinforcements the home government made no response, and he had been practically abandoned to his fate when, in the summer of 1741, the long gathering storm burst in all its fury A Spanish fleet of fifty-one sails had appeared in June of that year. Its vessels, in one way and another, were so badly used by Oglethorpe in detail that it finally disappeared, to be replaced on June 28 by the St Augustine fleet of thirty-eight sails,

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. ADDRESS OF HON. WALTER G. CHARLTON. Oglethorpe retarded its movements until July 5, when, after a hot engagement, lasting four hours, it [the St Augustine fleet of thirty-eight sails] passed the batteries and got out of range toward Frederica, upon which place Oglethorpe fell back—the enemy landing on the south end of St. Simon's.

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. 1741-10-31 THE KING ORDERS THE DISPATCH OF AN EXPEDITION AGAINST GEORGIA. 1741-10-31 King to Montiano The King has entrusted to Don Juan Francisco de Guemes y Horcasitas an expedition of importance the nature of which he will communicate to Your Lordship as directed. Toward the execution and success of this affair, it is proper that Your Lordship, after leaving in a state of defense that [St. Augustine] fortress, should strive with all available forces, and communicate all the information and advice expected, in order that action may be concordant and efficacious. His Majesty commands me to communicate to Your Lordship this decision for your information, and in order that the aforementioned Governor of Habana may advise you with the punctuality demanded by the royal service. May God keep Your Lordship many years. Madrid, 31 October, 1741. To Don Manuel de Montiano. [No signature. We know, however, from Montiano's answer, that this and the following letters were all sent by the Minister Don Jose de Campillo.] 1741-10-31 King to Torres The King having resolved upon an expedition from that Island [Cuba] against the enemy, and having decided that its Governor General, Lieutenant Don Juan Francisco de Guemes y Horcasitas should organize it according to the orders sent him, and deeming it proper that whatever be tide, the troops to be selected for the said expedition shall have their place taken by detachments from the squadron under the orders of Your Excellency, in such numbers as shall not interfere with its navigation, or other functions, His Majesty commands me to say to Your Excellency that you are to furnish these detachments and that if any naval officers should wish to go as volunteers on this expedition, you are not to hinder them. You are to help the aforesaid Governor to the limit of your powers and of the necessities of the case, in order to bring about the end confided to him, by reason of the great interest taken in this matter by the royal service. God keep Your Excellency many years. Madrid, 31st October, 1741. To Don Rodrigo de Torres. [No signature] 1741-10-31 King to Salas With regard to the resolution of His Majesty to set on foot from the Island [Cuba] operations against the enemy, and to the order sent to Lieutenant General Don Juan de Guemes y Horcasitas, Governor of Havana, to carry them out, His Majesty bids me charge you, that in case of your selection to take command, you are to accept and execute that duty, in full confidence, because of your zeal and record of services, that you will ably discharge this trust in all that relates to the royal service. God keep Your Lordship many years. Madrid, 31st October, 1741 To Don Antonio de Salas. [No signature] 1741-10-31 King to Guemes Your Excellency is informed in respect of the motives which induced His Majesty in the year 1737 to resolve up on the extirpation of the English from the new colony of Georgia and from the territories of Florida which they have usurped, as well as of the orders sent out to this end, and of all dispositions made for their execution, until a suspension was commanded. I bring these past matters to the recollection of Your Excellency, because we are now in a state of open war, and under no necessity to practice the caution which in the former conjuncture of affairs compelled us to give pause. His Majesty considers the time opportune to accomplish the destruction of Carolina and of its dependencies, thus compensating ourselves for the ancient perfidies of which the English have made the colony the seat, as well as for the present hostilities, by inflicting a damage that will ruin and terrify them, seeing the affection in which they hold that country, and the benefit they derive from its commerce. Accordingly, His Majesty has directed the organization of an expedition from that Island [Cuba] to be composed of some regular troops and of as much militia as may be necessary, and that it pass over to the aforementioned province of Carolina with its appurtenant territories, and devastate it by sacking and Burning all the towns, posts, plantations and settlements of the enemy, for the purpose of this invasion must be solely to press hostilities until the effort shall have gone home, and success be achieved. It will help you to know that the English Colonies in America are so weakened by the men and supplies drawn off to lay siege before Cartagena that their relief from England has been under discussion. It is the intention of His Majesty that in carrying out this expedition, regular troops be used in such numbers as are indispensable, having due regard to the defense of that Island [Cuba]; and that deficiencies be made up with militia and natives in such strength as to secure favorable results, imitating the course we followed when we recovered Pensacola from the power of the French. In order that the number of regular troops to be selected by Your Excellency for this purpose may not be seriously reduced, you may avail yourself in any emergency that may arise, of those in the squadron under the command of Lieutenant General Don Rodrigo de Torres, provided that he be not reduced to the inability of taking the seas, or of performing any other operations expected of him. To this end, I am inclosing an order which Your Excellency will hand him, directing him to further this enterprise to the utmost, in order to bring it to a happy issue. Although Your Excellency has a personal knowledge of that country, of its nature and conditions, through previous reconnaissances and surveys made in view of practical possibilities, yet His Majesty desires that you communicate and entrust to Don Manuel de Montiano, Governor of Florida, the decision taken, propounding to him the measures to be adopted to carry it out, and directing him to concur with all the forces which the state of defense of his post will allow. Your Excellency is to advise whether the enterprise is to be carried on at one point, or at several points (which here is thought to be the proper course), and to inform him in respect of said points. It is further His Majesty's wish that he give you all the information in his possession, and should go on informing himself as to the state of the English inhabitants of Carolina, and any other matters, knowledge of which might be of import to Your Excellency. I am inclosing a letter for that Governor, in which you will find his instructions. Other directions and details are omitted, because it is known that Your Excellency has all the knowledge and light that could be desired to bring so grave a matter to a successful end. Hence, and because His Majesty is convinced of your zeal, activity and experience, he intrusts this expedition to your care, directing you to order whatever may forward it, with the determination that springs from your sense of duty and loyalty to the royal service, and without the loss of a moment of time. In respect of expenses, dispositions, and methods, Your Excellency has plenary powers to confer and treat of ways and means with officers and persons who may profit by your advice to spread the desolation and secure the advantages that we expect in respect of that province. And in order that the great volume of preparations may not pass to the knowledge of the English, His Majesty orders that you take your measures in secret, alleging pretexts to dissimulate and conceal the end in view, so as to deceive the public. For otherwise we expose and risk this blow, which is to surprise the enemy without giving him any opportunity to prepare himself by arming and fortifying and so oppose a greater resistance and opposition to our efforts. His Majesty leaves to the judgment of Your Excellency the selection of the officer or officers to command this expedition: you are authorized to take those most satisfactory to you, and of best known and approved conduct: but in the belief that Brigadier Don Antonio de Salas, who is detained out there [in Cuba] is well fitted for this service, I send Your Excellency the inclosed letter in order that you may give it to him, if you should see fit to employ him for the command (in which case you will be required to furnish him the pay corresponding to his duty, or with such as you may judge proper). If you do not appoint him, you will withhold this letter. If a few naval officers should wish to go as volunteers, you will approve it, assuring them that His Majesty will not lose sight of their resolution and spirit, but will assist them in whatever may be for their comfort, and Your Excellency will divulge this in ample time, so that the suggestion may appear attractive. It is by His Majesty's command that I communicate these matters to Your Excellency, so that as soon as you shall have received this letter, you may apply yourself to their accomplishment, and take all other steps that may lead to the success of an enterprise which His Majesty desires shall be promptly carried out and which it is confidently expected will produce the results expected, as is plain from the fervor and zeal which you have ever shown in His Majesty's service. I should say to Your Excellency that after the enemy's country shall have been laid waste, the troops and militia must withdraw to that Island [Cuba], and a report be made of events. God keep Your Excellency many years. Madrid, Oct. 31, 1741. To Don Juan Franciso de Guemes y Horcasitas

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. An Impartial Account of the late Expedition against St. Augustine under General Oglethorpe, occasioned by the Suppression of the Report, made by a Committee of the General Assembly in South Carolina, transmitted, under the Great Seal of that Province, to their Agent in England, in order to be printed." 1742.

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. SUPPLIES 1 Length of 3 in. rope 12 Small Tackle 130 Rope for Strapping Blocks 10 Bundles of Hemp *84 Wads 8 Gun Carriages (34 Rammers 1 45 Covers for Swivel Guns 1 Gun Puses 1 Tent 2 Capstans lis Handspikes 180 Tholes f>2 Hand Mallets 2 Wheel Mallets 65 Oars 50 Tool Handles 30 Ordinary Board* 18 Wooden Plates 20 Cases for same I 24 Beacon Lights 24 Oil Containers for same 36 Bullets I )0 Small Iron Nails 1 r6 Pounds of Assrtd Ships Nails 56 " " Floor Nails (0 Spikes for Artillery ; S6 Cwts. of Iron i 4 25 lb. weights of Steel 118 Force Tools 10 Bolts 2 Jack Screws 100 Cartridge Boxes 64 Leather Cartridge Boxes 300 Bags of Dressed Sheepskin 18 Gunners' Ladles for Falconets 200 Copper Nails 1 Copper Caldrons 94 Copper Pots 94 Copper Spoons 10 Copper Pitch Skimmers 4 Deap Sea Leads 10 Sheets of Lead 44 Running Lights 8 Hand Lights 6 Dark Lanterns 6 Tin Powderhorns 47 Fuse Tubs 36 Tin Measures 9 Tin Funnels 6 Speaking Trumpets 9 Spanish Flags 20 Helmets 20 Oilskins 16 Cwts. of Liquid Pitch, Oil & Grease mixt 16 Cwts. of Pitch 10 Cwts. of Oakum 25 Cakes of Pressed Wax 200 Ropes 450 lbs. of Fuses

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. At the battle of Bloody Marsh in 1742, he drove the Spaniards from Georgia, and established the English claim to the territory.

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. THE GOVERNOR GENERAL OF CUBA INFORMS THE GOVERNOR OF FLORIDA WHAT TROOPS AND SHIPS WILL BE SENT FROM HAVANA, FOR THE EXPEDITION AGAINST GEORGIA, AND MAKES VARIOUS SUGGESTIONS. 1742-5-14 Guemes to Montiano Sir, Among the obstacles and difficulties arising in carrying out the will of His Majesty, and communicated by me to Your Lordship under date of February 3rd, past, the most serious was the possibility that, and doubt whether, the English, strengthened by the fresh re-enforcement of 4,000 men which arrived in Jamaica toward the end of January of the present year, would enter the Gulf of Mexico, and attempt to attack this Havana or some other position of the Islands.

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. THE GOVERNOR GENERAL OF CUBA APPOINTS THE GOVERNOR OF FLORIDA COMMANDER OF THE EXPEDITION AGAINST GEORGIA, AND ISSUES HIS ORDERS FOR THE CONDUCT OF OPERATIONS. 1742-6-2 Guemes to Montiano In consequence of this and of the faculty he has bestowed upon me, to select as the commanding officer of this expedition, one who possesses the requisite character and qualities, I am led to designate you as the Commanding General of all these forces, as much by the confidence I have in your fitness and experience as because of the knowledge which you possess of those places. I am also guided by your affection for His Majesty and your zeal for his service, as shown in your letter of the 3rd of March of the present year.

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. 1742-3-12 MONTIANO ACKNOWLEDGES THE RECEIPT OF ORDERS RELATING TO THE EXPEDITION AGAINST GEORGIA, AND REPORTS HIS ACTION. St. Augustine, in Florida 12 March, 1742. The Governor, Don Manuel de Montiano, agreeably to the advice, that he must assist with all the forces possible in bringing to a happy issue an expedition against Carolina entrusted to the Governor of Habana,* reports that he has sent to the said Governor a return of the garrison of that post [Saint Augustine] for the selection of the troops not necessary to its defense, to serve in said expedition, and anticipating a happy issue. [*Navarro, in the MS. (Itself a copy of the original in the Archive at Seville).] 1742-3-12 Montiano to Campillo Sir: In a letter of the 31st of October of the past year, you did me the honor to say that the King had entrusted to Don Juan Francisco Guemes y Horcasitas, an expedition of importance which he would communicate to me as directed, and that toward the execution and success of this affair, I should, after leaving this post [Saint Augustine] in a state of defense, strive with all available forces, communicating all the information and advice expected, in order that action might be concordant and efficacious. And that His Majesty had commanded Your Lordship to convey this decision for my information to the end that the aforementioned Governor might treat with me with the punctuality called for by the royal service. With regard to this determination, I have to inform Your Lordship, that as soon as I was informed of it, I set to work to acquire as much information as was possible; and, without losing a moment of time, nor engaging in any other matter, I passed my reports on to the Lieutenant General, Governor of Havana, offering my recommendations charged rather with hopes than with certainties. But it is impossible for me to say how contented I am with the great administration of that Governor General, who will so adjust his measures to action, as morally to persuade me that the favorable results expected are in my opinion almost inevitable. In respect of other matters, I venture to suggest to Your Lordship, that, according to my comprehension of the case, the design of the King will be the antidote, the wholesome medicine, that will restore to health this debilitated and deserted Province, of good consideration; for Carolina once ruined and destroyed, the extermination of her colonial dependencies will follow, and all the slaves now under her heavy yoke will pass over to us. This is what they most desire: as they are numerous, we shall be able to make here many settlements, and turn their people to account in war. And what is more, it will follow that the Indians, no longer having anyone to instigate or protect them, will continue always with us in a state of tranquil peace; these Provinces will grow and people themselves, since they are all as it were paramos,* and families from Galicia and the Canaries will be able to establish themselves in quiet. [*A paramo is a high, bleak plateau; the word is South American. Precisely what plains Montiano had in mind, of course, we do not know. In all probability he uses the word in a loose way.] I am sending to the aforesaid Lieutenant General, Governor of Havana, a return of the troops of this post, and I leave to his judgment the selection he may, with due regard to the defense of this place, see fit to make for the contemplated expedition. This is all I have to lay of this matter before Your Lordship for the information of His Majesty. That God keep Your Lordship many years, is my desire. Saint Augustine in Florida, 12 March 1742. Sir: I kiss your hand, being your most grateful servant. Don Manuel de Montiano [A flourish follows.] To Senor Don Jose de Campillo.** **One of the ministers of Philip V, remembered as the author of a book, "Nuevo sistema de gobierno eonomico para la America," published posthumously in 1789. In this work, Campillo criticized the system of colonial administration and proposed certain reforms, arraying himself against the military system of conquest followed in America. He argued that this system, however necessary at first, was now out of date, and pleaded for economical liberty.

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. ADDRESS OF HON. WALTER G. CHARLTON. On July 7, 1742, the Spaniards moved on Frederica and Oglethorpe advanced to meet them, and the decisive battle of Bloody Marsh was on. When the smoke cleared away Georgia was free. The battle had not been to the strong. The comment of Oglethorpe was as characteristic as it was modest. 'The Spanish invasion which had a long time threatened the colony, Carolina and all North America, has at last fallen upon us, and God hath been our deliverance.' And George Whitfield said of it, 'the deliverance of Georgia from the Spaniards is such as cannot be paralleled but by some instances out of the Old Testament.'

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. LETTER OF THE GOVERNOR GENERAL OF CUBA TO THE KING'S MINISTER, ANNOUNCING THE FAILURE OF THE EXPEDITION AGAINST GEORGIA, AND ENCLOSING TWO JOURNALS OF EVENTS. 1742-8-18 Guemes to Campillo. Sir, Hoping as I have been from day to day to receive from Florida the happy news I had promised myself of the successful results achieved by the expedition against the English Colonies in the North, I had kept back the dispatch boat under the command of Don Juan Baptista Goicochea, which had entered this port from Vera Cruz on its way back to Spain, so as more promptly to communicate this news. Accordingly, on the eighth instant, through the fortunate arrival, after 42 days' journey, of a boat which was sent to me, I learned that the first convoy of small vessels had on the 9th of June safely reached the Bar of Saint Augustine, as did on the 15th of the same month, that of the larger ones, which left this port under the orders of the Naval Lieutenant, Don Antonio Castaneda. At Ratones Inlet, the messenger was pursued by an English sloop, which was trying to capture him, and so he was compelled to run aground, but succeeded in saving all his people and the dispatches which later he managed to send on to me in a coast fishing boat. Just when I thought that the expedition was at least well advanced, if not as completely successful as we had reason to expect, the Governor of Florida tells me in letters that I received, dated the 26th, and postdated the 28th and 29th of the same month of June, that partly on account of the bad weather and partly on account of the necessity of watering the boats, and of other inconveniences arising out of the difficulties and dangers of navigation over that bar [the Bar of St. Augustine], he had been as yet unable to embark the troops which were to set out from that garrison to join hands with those from this particular place and with the militia which has been selected for the purpose. Upon this aforementioned day, the 29th, he was still at St. Augustine with all the troops on board ready to put to sea to carry out the orders with which he was charged. The Engineer of the Second Class,* Don Antonio de Arredondo reports the same thing to me, sending me the journal which accompanies this letter and includes the 23d of the said June. [*Ingeniero en segundo. It was not until 1756 that engineers held military rank in the Spanish army. Elsewhere in these papers, Arredondo is given the first grade, ingenerio en jefe.] From this journal, Your Excellency will take note of the encounter between some of the small vessels of the first convoy, on the coast of Florida between the Bar of Mosquitos and that of Matanzas. It would seem that the English had gone in a boat and launch to capture a small sloop from the presidio of Florida, which was carrying the detachment of artillerymen from the garrison of this place [Havana] as well as to capture another launch from this port. As they boarded these vessels to loot them, our people who had jumped ashore, fired upon them from the sand dunes, and compelled them to surrender to the number of sixteen, among them a lieutenant of the frigate. In this affair, we had the misfortune to lose the sub-lieutenant of artillery and the corporal of the detachment. Notwithstanding Arredondo's assertion, under date of 19th, in his journal, that from a few prisoners returned by Don Diego Oglesor [Oglethorpe], Governor of Georgia, to the coasts of Florida, it was learned they had discovered nothing of our plans, yet I feared that they had been warned by the delay, so far of 14 days, off the bar of Saint Augustine, of a fleet so numerous as ours and that it was not impossible that they might be on their guard, and so hinder us; and all this in spite of the effort I had made in advance, to advise the Governor of Florida through an officer (as I informed Your Excellency in a letter of June 8, of which I inclose a duplicate), who arrived more than 20 days before the arrival of the convoy of larger vessels under the command of Don Antonio de Castaneda. Having received this news, and fearing that through the delay they had already made they might suffer, if supplies should be lacking, and in order to forestall any accident due to necessity or want, I at once prepared a brigantine and a sloop to send a month's supplies in addition to those of three months and a half that they took out with them. These boats left this port with the stores on the 15th inst. On the following day there returned to it a sloop, one of those that had set out with the expedition, and in it came Naval Lieutenant the Marquess de Casinas and the captain of the militia battalion of this place, Don Laureano Chacon, with his company. From these officers I learned that the issue of the expedition had not corresponded to our well-founded hopes and to the measures that had been taken for its success, and that all the vessels in different divisions had struggled to regain Florida and this place Havana, without any other result than that of having attacked Gualquini with success, capturing its forts, artillery, mortars, munitions and implements; and that this outcome was due to the bad weather which had delayed and disordered the execution of our plans, to say nothing of hindrances later encountered and felt. I have up to the present day no other information than that given me by the aforesaid officers, and that which is contained in more or less detail in the private diary kept by the Marquess de Casinas of daily events, and brought off by him and given to me. Seeing now that the whole expedition had begun to retreat and that they had sighted land six leagues farther to the south of Saint Augustine, these officers judged it proper to set their course for this port and assured me that the other boats were doing the same thing. Such being the news in hand, it has appeared to me proper no longer to delay the dispatch boat under the command of Don Juan Baptista Goicochea. As soon as I shall have received the information to be given me by the Governor of Florida, it will be dispatched in another boat which I am holding ready for the purpose. I shall then explain with greater particularity all that has happened and the reasons that prevailed against continuing the expedition and in favor of forming the resolution to retreat. As I had already made up my mind, from the condition in which I considered the enemy to be and from the superiority of our forces, that at the very latest, his towns, plantations and settlements would be attacked and destroyed as far as Port Royal; and as I had even flattered myself that these favorable results might be obtained as far as Carolina [Charleston] I have been profoundly astonished at the frustration of hopes so well founded of serving the king advantageously and maintaining the glory of his arms; and that the labor and zeal inspired by my devotion and by my interest in our success should have come to naught. But although not successful everywhere, yet according to the relation of the Marquess de Casinas, the destruction of the forts and settlement of Gualquini and that of Bejeces [Vegeses?] was accomplished. That many stores and implements should have been destroyed, and the harbor gallantly forced in the face of all its fire, both by sea and land, with such intrepidity, as reported by those to whom I have talked on the subject, is due to Don Antonio Castaneda. The King and Your Excellency do not need to be informed how deeply I am mortified that this expedition has not been carried out to the complete satisfaction of His Majesty's desires; and that on my part nothing was omitted that could have the least bearing on its happiest issue. Until all the vessels with the troops and militia shall have returned, I shall take all the precautions that are due. Praying Your Excellency to report to His Majesty the results so far of this operation, may God keep Your Excellency many years. Havana, August 18, 1742. Excellent Sir: Your most humble, grateful servant kisses your hand. Don Juan Francisco, Guemes y Horcasitas. (A Flourish.) To His Excellency Don Joseph de Campillo. [Letter acknowledging receipt of that of Guemes, with papers.] 1742-10-28 Ildefonso to Guemes: Acknowledging receipt of that of Guemes, with papers With the letter of Your Excellency of the 18th of August, have been received the accompanying reports and diary, treating of the management and progress of the expedition which left your port against Carolina. We have also the news reported to Your Excellency, through Naval Lieutenant Don Carlos Riggio (who has arrived at that place [Havana] ) by the Governor of Florida, and also that forwarded by Your Excellency in a letter of the 20th, to the effect that on that day Don Antonio Castaneda returned to that port [Havana] with the greater part of the convoy and troops. The King, having acquainted himself with your report upon the measures and arrangements you made for this expedition, and also with your reflections upon its issue, and the reasons why it did not come up to the expectations produced by the forces and arrangements with which it was undertaken, desires me to express to Your Excellency his satisfaction with everything done by Your Excellency, a satisfaction in exact agreement with the confidence he was gracious enough to repose in your zeal and efficiency. He considers as entirely sound the remarks you make upon the unhappy issue of events. His Majesty understands that this is to be traced to the poor direction, lack of diligence and inefficiency of the one who should have made extraordinary efforts to profit by the advantages that placed success within his grasp. May God keep you many years. San Ildefonso, October 28, 1742. To Don Juan Francisco Guemes y Horcasitas.* *Not signed but probably written by Campillo. In the MS. this letter follows Arredondo's diary. We have put it where it belongs, immediately after the letter which it acknowledges.

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. "The Report of the Committee of Both Houses of Assembly of the Province of South Carolina, Appointed to Enquire into the Causes of the Disappointment of Success, in the late Expedition against St. Augustine, Under the Command of General Oglethorpe." 1743.

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. The Spanish Hireling Detected: Being a Refutation of the Several Calumnies and Falsehoods in the late Pamphlet, Entitled, "An Impartial Account of the Late Expedition Against St. Augustine under General Oglethorpe,' by George Cadogan, Lieutenant in General Oglethorpe's Regiment." London, MDCCXLIII [1743].

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. ADDRESS OF HON. WALTER G. CHARLTON. ... from the moment when the project took shape in his mind and heart to the moment when, his work accomplished, he saw the lines of her coast recede from his vision [17??]; through the resulting years of honor and dignity, unto the moment when he passed into the peace of eternity, the founder of Georgia never owned a foot of Georgia soil; enjoyed no privilege in her vast domain save such as was necessary to the effective discharge of his public trust; and so far from taking to his profit one cent devoted to her development or the purposes of her settlement, left the service of Georgia and of the crown of England with fortune impaired and never restored by the government which had profited by his work.

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. ADDRESS OF HON. WALTER G. CHARLTON. "His work accomplished; his mission fulfilled, on July 23, 1743, he sailed for England, never to see again the land to which he had devoted the best years of his life. He was too great to escape the calumnies of the small and the ingratitude of the narrow. Having passed to payment the expenditures made by him out of his personal fortune, the English government revoked its action and appropriated his money. Having availed themselves of his military talents, the advisers of royalty court-martialed him on grounds which were dismissed as slanderous.

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. On July 23, 1743, ten and a half years after his first landing Oglethorpe set sail for England, never to return.

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. In 1744 he was married to Elizabeth Wright of Cranham Hall. After a brief experience in the British army

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. ... in 1745, he retired from active service to his estate, where he spent the remainder of his long life, "the soul of honor, the embodiment of loyalty and valor, and the model of manly grace and courtesy."

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. THE NAME AND THE DATE OF BIRTH OF OGLETHORPE. It must be remembered that the date of Oglethorpe's birth as here given is expressed in the old style of reckoning time, as the new style was not adopted in England till 1752. Expressed in new style, therefore, Oglethorpe was born January 2, 1697. OTIS ASHMORE, Corresponding Secretary Ga. Hist. Society.

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. An Account of the- First Discovery, and Natural History of Florida," by William Roberts, London, MDCCLXIII [1763].

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. "A Description of East Florida, with a Journal kept by John Bartram, of Philadelphia, Botanist to His Majesty for the Floridas," MDCCLXIX [1769].

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. "The Plan of the Harbour of St. Augustine in the Province of Georgia, Composed and Published from Surveys Deposited in the Office of the Right Honourable the Lords of Trade, by J. F. W. Des Barres, Esqr.," was probably made about 1777. Shows: Matanza River St. Sebastian's Creek St. Augustin Barrier Fort St. Mark Fort Maze [Mose] North River Oglethorp Battery [from 1740] Light House St. Anastasia Island Stone Quarries North Barr South Barr

In COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society. Vol. VII. [1783-5-12 Plan of the Castillo de San Marcos]

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. He died at the age of eighty-nine years on July 1, 1785, and was buried in Cranham church. Fitting indeed it is that Georgia should perpetuate in enduring stone and bronze the virtues of her brave and heroic founder, and upon the pedestal of his monument inscribe in imperishable letters the name of OGLETHORPE. "Thy great example shall through ages shine, A favorite theme with poet and divine; To all unborn thy merits shall proclaim, And add new honors to thy deathless name."

From COLLECTIONS OF THE Georgia Historical Society, Vol. VII. ADDRESS OF HON. WALTER G. CHARLTON. Finally, he withdrew from the service of an ungrateful monarch and entered upon the last stage of the journey of life which was to end on July 1, 1785.

OFFICIAL ORDER OF DISPOSITION AND MOVEMENT OF TROOPS AND SAILORS HEADQUARTERS Troops participating in the unveiling of The Oglethorpe Monument, Savannah, Ga., Nov. 23rd, 1910. The ceremonies incident to the unveiling of the Oglethorpe Monument will be held in Chippewa Square, the site of the monument, and will begin at 11 :30 o'clock, A. M., Nov. 23, 1910. The following instructions governing the troops participating are issued for the information and guidance of all concerned: 1. The Marshal's Staff will consist of: 1st Lieut. E. T. Weisel, Coast Artillery Corps, Adjutant. Aids: Captain H. C. Williams, 2nd U. S. Field Artillery, Captain Wm. R. Dancy, 1st Infantry, N. G. Ga. Captain R. H. Mason, 2nd Infantry, N. G. Ga. Chaplain M. G. Doran, U. S. Coast Artillery Corps, 1st Lieut Garrard Haines, C. A C, N. G. Ga. The Aids will report in Dress Uniform, mounted, to the Marshal at the Monument at 11:15 o'clock, A. M. 2. The troops will be posted about the Monument during the ceremonies as follows: a. 2nd and 3rd Battalions 17th U. S. Infantry. Provisional Battalion U. S. Coast Artillery Corps, U. S. Marines and U. S. Sailors in column of masses in the order named on Perry Street, west of the Monument, facing east, head of the column resting on Bull Street. b. 2nd Infantry, N. G. Ga., Cadet Corps University of Georgia, Barnesville Cadets, and Benedictine College Cadets, in column of masses in the order named, on McDonough Street, west of the Monument facing east, head of column resting on line of curbing west of Square. c. 1st Infantry N. G. Ga., 1st Battalion 5th Infantry N. G. Ga., in column of masses in the order named on Hull Street west of the Monument facing east, head of column resting on line of curbing west of Square. d. Battalion Coast Artillery Corps N. G. Ga., and Naval Reserves in line in the order named on Hull Street facing south, left resting on Bull Street. e. 1st Battery Field Artillery N. G. Ga. in column of sections on Hull Street, facing west, head of column resting on Bull Street. f. 1st Squadron 11th Cavalry, Troop A. N. G. Ga., in column of platoons in the order named on Bull Street, north of Monument, head of column resting on Hull Street. 3. When the drapery is removed from the Statue, one long blast will be sounded by bugle at the direction of the Marshal; each organization will be brought to "Present Arms," by their respective Commanding Officers; one long blast following will be the signal for resuming "Order Arms." 4. The various organizations will be in their places as indicated in paragraph 2 hereof by 11 :15 o'clock A. M. 5. Upon completion of the ceremonies at the Monument the troops will form column of squads and take up the march south on Bull Street, in the following order: 2nd and 3rd Batt. 17th Infantry, Batt. U. S. Coast Artillery Corps. U. S. Marines, U. S. Sailors, 2nd Infantry, N. G. Ga. 1st Infantry, N. G. Ga. 1st Batt. 5th Infantry, N. G. Ga. Batt. Coast Artillery Corps, N. G. Ga. Naval Reserves, Cadet Corps, University of Georgia, Cadet Corps, Barnesville, Cadet Corps, Benedictine College, 1st Battery Field Artillery N G. Ga. 1st Squadron, 11th U. S. Cavalry, Troop A. N. G. Ga. The column will turn west on Gaston Street to Barnard Street, then south on Barnard Street. The troops will then be formed in the Park Extension in line of masses, facing east, right resting on Park Avenue. In forming, organizations will turn east from Barnard Street on the streets indicated below and will take position in the Park Extension in Column of Masses at points which will be indicated to the organization Commanders: 1st Battery and all Cavalry turn east on Hall Street, Naval Reserves and Cadet Organizations turn east on Gwinnett Street, 1st Infantry, N. G. Ga.. turn east on Bolton Street, 2nd Infantry, N. G. Ga., turn east on Waldburg Street, 17th U. S. Infantry, U. S. Coast Artillery Corps, U. S. Marines, and U. S. Sailors turn east on Park Avenue. 6. The troops will be reviewed by the Governors of Georgia, South Carolina and Alabama, who will be in automobiles on the east side of the Park Extension at the intersection of Bolton and Drayton Streets, at which point the prescribed salute will be rendered. 7. After passing the reviewing officers the column will continue north on Drayton Street and each organization will stand dismissed after passing Hall Street. No organization will be halted until it has cleared the column. JOHN P. WISSER, Colonel, Coast Artillery Corps, Marshal, Official: EDWARD T. WEISEL, 1st Lieutenant, C. A. C, Adjutant. The United States Regulars were encamped at Thirty-first street and Waters Road. The camp was named by Col. Wisser Camp Alexander R. Lawton, in honor of the late Gen. Alexander R. Lawton, of Savannah.